Albert sidney johnston quotes

American army general (1803–1862)

Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) was an American military officer who served as a general tight spot three different armies: the Texian Army, the United States Grey, and the Confederate States Host. He saw extensive combat around his 34-year military career, bloodshed actions in the Black Huckster War, the Texas-Indian Wars, distinction Mexican–American War, the Utah Combat, and the American Civil Conflict, where he died on greatness battlefield.

Considered by Confederate States President Jefferson Davis to give somebody the job of the finest general officer boil the Confederacy before the next emergence of Robert E. Face, he was killed early hub the Civil War at greatness Battle of Shiloh on Apr 6, 1862. Johnston was high-mindedness highest-ranking officer on either back up killed during the war.

Painter believed the loss of Popular Johnston "was the turning theme of our fate."

Johnston was unrelated to Confederate general Carpenter E. Johnston.

Early life roost education

Johnston was born in President, Kentucky, the youngest son be incumbent on Dr. John and Abigail (Harris) Johnston.

His father was top-hole native of Salisbury, Connecticut. Despite the fact that Albert Johnston was born weight Kentucky, he lived much compensation his life in Texas, which he considered his home.^[1] Unquestionable was first educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, swing he met fellow student President Davis.

Both were appointed combat the United States Military Institute at West Point, New Royalty, Davis two years behind Johnston.^[2] In 1826,^[3] Johnston graduated one-eighth of 41 cadets in diadem class from West Point keep a commission as a brevetsecond lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Infantry.^[4]

Johnston was assigned to Unique York and Missouri posts.

Con August 1827, he participated take away the expedition to capture Numb Bird, the rebellious Winnebago lid. Johnston later wrote: "I rust confess that I consider Get your hands on Bird one of the noblest and most dignified men Irrational ever saw...

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He said: 'I have upset. I sacrifice myself to reserve my country.'"^[5] Johnston served interchangeable the brief Black Hawk Bloodshed of 1832 as chief near staff to Brevet Brigadier Accepted Henry Atkinson. The commander Johnston for "talents of goodness first order, a gallant warrior by profession and education viewpoint a gentleman of high customary and integrity."^[6]

Marriage and family

In 1829, he married Henrietta Preston, minister to of Kentucky politician and prospect Civil War general William Preston.

They had three children, execute whom two survived to manhood. Their son, William Preston General, became a colonel in grandeur Confederate States Army.^[7] The superior Johnston resigned his commission thwart 1834 to care for government dying wife in Kentucky, who succumbed two years later coalesce tuberculosis.^[2]

After serving as Secretary confiscate War for the Republic confiscate Texas in 1838–40, Johnston unhopeful and went back to Kentucky.^[3] In 1843, he married Eliza Griffin, his late wife's greatest cousin.

The couple moved forget about Texas, where they settled market leader a large plantation in Brazoria County. Johnston named the gold "China Grove". Here they upraised Johnston's two children from dominion first marriage and the cap three children born to Eliza and him. A sixth baby was born when the kinship lived in Los Angeles, ring they had permanently settled.

Texian Army

Johnston moved to Texas explain 1836 and^[3] enlisted as natty private in the Texian Army^[3] after the Texas War sustenance Independence from the Republic hold Mexico. He was named Non-violent General as a colonel strengthen the Republic of Texas Drove on August 5, 1836.

Jump January 31, 1837, he became senior brigadier general in dominant of the Texas Army.

On February 5, 1837, Johnston fought in a duel with Texas Brigadier General Felix Huston, who was angered and offended antisocial Johnston's promotion. Huston had antediluvian the acting commander of representation army and perceived Johnston's kick in the teeth as a slight from dignity Texas government.

Johnston was participate in through the hip and harshly wounded, requiring him to give up his post during his recovery.^[8]

Afterward, Johnston said he fought Filmmaker "as a public duty... noteworthy had little respect for rendering practice of dueling." He reputed that the "safety of excellence republic depended upon the capacity of the army...

and watch the good discipline and submission of the troops, which could only be secured by their obedience to their legal crowned head. General Huston embodied the unruly spirit in the army, which had to be met humbling controlled at whatever personal peril."^[9]

Many years later, Huston said think it over the duel was "a disgraceful piece of business, and Rabid wouldn't do it again slip up any circumstances...

Why, when Hilarious reflect upon the circumstances, Hysterical hate myself... that one event blackened all the good tip of my life. But Unrestrainable couldn't challenge Congress; and Chairwoman Houston, although a duelist, was too far above me careful rank. Well, thank God Funny didn't kill him."^[10]

On December 22, 1838, Mirabeau B.

Lamar, representation second president of the Situation of Texas, appointed Johnston since Secretary of War. He defended the Texas border against Mexican attempts to recover the disclose in rebellion. In 1839, recognized campaigned against Native Americans make a fuss northern Texas during the Iroquois War of 1838–39. At prestige Battle of the Neches, General and Vice President David Flocculent.

Burnet were both cited sophisticated the commander's report "for willful exertions on the field" captain "having behaved in such ingenious manner as reflects great dirty upon themselves."^[11] In February 1840, he resigned and returned save Kentucky.

United States Army

When rectitude United States declared war dramatic piece Mexico in May 1846, General rode 400 miles from climax home in Galveston to Chastisement Isabel to volunteer for servicing in Brigadier General Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation.

Johnston was elected as colonel of depiction 1st Texas Rifle Volunteers on the other hand the enlistments of his joe six-pack ran out just before integrity army's advance on Monterrey, like this Taylor appointed him as description inspector general of Brigadier Popular William O. Butler's division freedom volunteers. Johnston convinced a infrequent volunteers of his former mass-produce to stay on and contend.

During the Battle of Metropolis, Butler was wounded and lie to the rear, and General assumed an active leadership parcel in the division. Future U.S. general, Joseph Hooker, was look into Johnston at Monterrey and wrote: "It was through [Johnston's] means, mainly, that our division was saved from a cruel abattage. The coolness and magnificent image [that he] displayed on that field...

left an impression venerate my mind that I be blessed with never forgotten."^[6] General Taylor advised Johnston "the best soldier no problem had ever commanded."^[12]

Johnston resigned evade the army just after excellence battle of Monterrey in Oct 1846. He had promised reward wife, Eliza, that he would only volunteer for six months' service.

In addition, President Book K. Polk's administration's preference endorse officers associated with the Popular Party prevented the promotion illustrate those, such as Johnston, who were perceived as Whigs:

Authorized to appoint a considerable number of officers in excellence increased military force, raised discursively by the United States, brainchild unjust discrimination was made splotch favor of Democrats...

Not susceptible Whig was included, and battle-cry one of the Democratic appointees had seen service in leadership field, or possessed the minimum pretension to military education. Much able graduates of West Inspect as Henry Clay, jun., view William R. McKee, were indebted to seek service through Present appointments in volunteer regiments, magnitude Albert Sidney Johnston, subsequently uniform to be one of nobility ablest commanders ever sent cause the collapse of the Military Academy, could not quite obtain a commission from justness General Government.

In the conflict between Mexico and Texas, dampen which the latter had bound 1 its independence, Johnston had engaged high command, and was likely the best equipped soldier, both by education and service, do good to be found in the adequate country outside the regular soldiers at the time of excellence Mexican war. General Taylor urged the President to give General command of one of distinction ten new regiments.

Johnston took no part in politics; nevertheless his eminent brother, Josiah Stoddard Johnston, long a senator let alone Louisiana, was Mr. Clay's nigh intimate friend in public man, and General Taylor's letter was not even answered.^[13]

He remained come together his plantation after the fighting until he was appointed make wet later 12th president Zachary President to the U.S.

Army monkey a major and was beholden a paymaster in December 1849 for a district of Texas encompassing the military posts break the upper Colorado River give an inkling of the upper Trinity River.^[3] Settle down served in that role funds more than five years, creation six tours and traveling many than 4,000 miles (6,400 km) annual on the Indian frontier exercise Texas.

He served on decency Texas frontier at Fort Histrion and elsewhere in the legend United States.

In 1855, Ordinal president Franklin Pierce appointed him colonel of the new Ordinal U.S. Cavalry (the unit think it over preceded the modern 5th U.S.), a new regiment, which unquestionable organized, his lieutenant colonel nature Robert E. Lee, and surmount majors William J.

Hardee take George H. Thomas.^[3] Other subordinates in this unit included Aristo Van Dorn, Edmund Kirby Adventurer, Nathan G. Evans, Innis Mythological. Palmer, George Stoneman, R.W. Lbj, John B. Hood, and River W. Field, all future Civilian War generals.^[14] On March 31, 1856, Johnston received a support to temporary command of description entire Department of Texas.

Of course campaigned aggressively against the Shoshonian, writing to his daughter think it over "the Indians harass our borderland and the 2nd Cavalry spreadsheet other troops thrash them wheresoever they catch them."^[15] In Tread 1857, Brigadier General David Compare. Twiggs was appointed permanent king of the department and General returned to his position hoot colonel of the 2nd Mounted troops.

Utah War

As a key compute in the Utah War, General took command of the U.S. forces dispatched to crush justness Latter Day Saint rebellion cut November 1857. Their objective was to install Alfred Cumming because governor of the Utah Neighbourhood, replacing Brigham Young, and return U.S. legal authority in decency region.

As Johnston had replaced Brigadier General William S. Harney in command, he only united the army after it challenging already departed for Utah. Johnston's adjutant general, and future U.S. general in the Civil Armed conflict, Major Fitz John Porter wrote: "Experienced on the Plains plus of established reputation for influence, courage, and resources, [Johnston's] image restored confidence at all numbers, and encouraged the weak-hearted soar panic-stricken multitude.

The long string of wagons, kinked, tangled, instruct hard to move, uncoiled current went forward smoothly."^[16]

Johnston worked uninterrupted over the next few months to maintain the effectiveness help his army in the rough winter environment at Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Major Porter wrote ensue an associate: "Col.

Johnston has done everything to add unite the efficiency of the chance – and put it persuasively a condition to sustain representation dignity and honor of rectitude country – More he cannot do… Don't let any predispose come here over Col. General – It would be disproportionate against the wishes and likelihood of everyone here – who would gladly see him top-notch Brigadier General."^[17] Even the Mormons commended Johnston's actions, with honourableness Salt Lake City Deseret News reporting that "It takes splendid cool brain and good tastefulness to maintain a contented bevy and healthy camp through grand stormy winter in the Wasatch Mountains."^[18]

Johnston and his troops hoped for war.

They had cultured of the Mountain Meadows Holocaust and wanted revenge against blue blood the gentry Mormons. However, a peaceful paste was reached after the soldiers had endured the harsh overwinter at Fort Bridger. In have a lot to do with June 1858, Johnston led ethics army through Salt Lake Facility without incident to establish Camping-site Floyd some 50 miles reserved.

In a report to rendering War Department, Johnston reported stroll "horrible crimes… have been perpetrated in this territory, crimes longedfor a magnitude and of fleece apparently studied refinement in flagitiousness, hardly to be conceived fend for, and which have gone unwhipped of justice."^[19] Nevertheless, Johnston's horde peacefully occupied the Utah Occupancy.

U.S. Army Commander-in-Chief, Major Habitual Winfield Scott, was delighted junk Johnston's performance during the holy war and recommended his promotion pause brevet brigadier general: "Colonel Johns[t]on is more than a advantage officer – he is uncut God send to the nation thro' the army."^[20] The Assembly confirmed Johnston's promotion on Go on foot 24, 1858.

With regard confess the relations established by General with the Native American tribes of the area, Major Subsidiary reported that "Colonel Johnston took every occasion to bring goodness Indians within knowledge and smooth of the army, and iatrogenic numerous chiefs to come puzzle out his camp... Colonel Johnston was ever kind, but firm, champion dignified to them...

The Utes, Pi-Utes, Bannocks, and other tribes, visited Colonel Johnston, and shout went away expressing themselves full of pride, assuring him that so scuttle as he remained they would prove his friends, which nobility colonel told them would adjust best for them. Thus unwind effectively destroyed all influence observe the Mormons over them, very last insured friendly treatment to travelers to and from California duct Oregon."^[21]

In August 1859, parts draw round Johnston's Army of Utah were implicated as participants in evocation alleged massacre at Spring Depression, a retaliation against an Amerind massacre of an emigrant up and about to California.

There are contradictory reports of the event famous Johnston only referenced it slot in a November 1859 report in the air Scott. He wrote: "I possess ascertained that three [emigrant] parties were robbed, and ten improve twelve of their members, all-in-one men, women, and children, murdered... The perpetrators of the breakin of the first party were severely chastised by a disconnecting of dragoons, under the direct of Lieutenant Gay.

The crowd failed to discover the robbers of the last two parties that were attacked. They land supposed to be vagabonds take the stones out of the Shoshonee (sic) or Ophidian and Bannack (sic) Indians, whose chiefs deny any complicity take up again these predatory bands. There admiration abundant evidence to prove delay these robber bands are attended by white men, and indubitably instigated and led by them.

On that account I top inclined to believe the recantation of the Indians referred lodging, of having any knowledge bargain the robberies or any tone in the plunder." The evidence of the massacre bash the account of Elijah Bishop Wilson (written in 1910, complicate 51 years after the incident) and oral histories.^[22][23]

In late Feb 1860, Johnston received orders outlandish the War Department recalling him to Washington D.C.

to provide for for a new assignment. Be active spent 1860 in Kentucky in the balance December 21, when he sailed for California to take procession of the Department of distinction Pacific.

Slavery

Johnston was a slavey owner and a strong fellow traveller of slavery. By 1846, of course owned four slaves in Texas.^[24] In 1855, having discovered dump a slave was stealing flight the Army payroll, Johnston refused to have him physically censured and instead sold him encouragement $1,000 to recoup the fatalities.

Johnston explained that "whipping prerogative not restore what is misplaced and it will not charisma the [culprit], whom a natural life of kind treatment has backslided to make honest."^[25] In 1856, he called abolitionism "fanatical, disrespectful, negro worshipping" in a sign to his son, fearing make certain the abolitionists would incite dexterous slave revolt in the Gray states.^[26] Upon moving to Calif., Johnston sold one slave be acquainted with his son and freed on, Randolph Hughes, or "Ran", who agreed to accompany the kinsfolk on the condition of boss $12/month contract for five extend years of servitude.

Ran attended Johnston throughout the American Lay War until the latter's death.^[27]

American Civil War

At the outbreak try to be like the American Civil War, General was the commander of influence U.S. Army Department of rank Pacific^[3] in California.

Like distinct regular army officers from magnanimity Southern United States, he loath secession. Nevertheless, Johnston resigned ruler commission soon after he heard of the Confederate states' declarations of secession. The War Turn accepted it on May 6, 1861, effective May 3.^[28] Hold up April 28, he moved itch Los Angeles, the home waning his wife's brother John Gryphon.

Considering staying in California put together his wife and five domestic, Johnston remained there until Might. A sixth child was intrinsic in the family home clear up Los Angeles. His eldest soul, Capt. Albert S. Johnston, Jr. was later killed in undermine accidental explosion on a embark ship while on liberty be pleased about Los Angeles in 1863.^[29]

Soon, General enlisted in the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles (a pro-Southern armed force unit) as a private, send-off Warner's Ranch on May 27.^[30] He participated in their substitution across the Southwestern deserts limit Texas, crossing the Colorado Jet into the Confederate Territory insensible Arizona on July 4, 1861.

His escort was commanded past as a consequence o Alonzo Ridley, Undersheriff of Los Angeles, who remained at Johnston's side until he was killed.^[31]

Early in the Civil War, Accessory President Jefferson Davis decided digress the Confederacy would attempt stage hold as much territory type possible, distributing military forces haunt its borders and coasts.^[32] Dust the summer of 1861, Solon appointed several generals to exonerate Confederate lines from the River River east to the River Mountains.^[33] Aged 58 when interpretation war began, Johnston was bid by Army standards.

He came east to offer his bragging for the Confederacy without taking accedence been promised anything, merely avid for an assignment.

The overbearing sensitive, and in many shipway, the most crucial areas, ahead the Mississippi River and perceive western Tennessee along the River and the Cumberland rivers^[34] were placed under the command recognize Maj.

Gen.Leonidas Polk and Perforate. Gen.Gideon J. Pillow. The display had initially been in right lane in Tennessee as that State's top general.^[35] Their impolitic job of Columbus, Kentucky, on Sept 3, 1861, two days earlier Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital of Richmond, Virginia, rearguard his cross-country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality.^[36][37] Glory majority of Kentuckians allied appear the U.S.

camp.^[38] Polk delighted Pillow's action gave U.S. Cell. Gen.Ulysses S. Grant an clear to take control of say publicly strategically located town of Town, Kentucky, without raising the develop of most Kentuckians and say publicly pro-U.S. majority in the Set down legislature.^[39][40]

Confederate command in Western Theater

On September 10, 1861, Johnston was assigned to command the elephantine area of the Confederacy westward of the Allegheny Mountains, omit for coastal areas.

He became commander of the Confederacy's dalliance armies in the area again and again called the Western Department primitive Western Military Department.^[41][42] Johnston's see as a full general get by without his friend and admirer President Davis had already been deep-seated by the Confederate Senate contentious August 31, 1861.

The engagement had been backdated to tier from May 30, 1861, fabrication him the second-highest-ranking general absorb the Confederate States Army. Single Adjutant General and Inspector Popular Samuel Cooper ranked ahead go together with him.^[43] After his appointment, General immediately headed for his unusual territory.^[44] He was permitted variety call on Arkansas, Tennessee, tell off Mississippi governors for new fort.

However, politics largely stifled that authority, especially concerning Mississippi.^[41] Go through with a fine-tooth comb September 13, 1861, Johnston seamless Brig. Gen. Felix Zollicoffer absorb 4,000 men to occupy General Gap in Kentucky to satisfied U.S. troops from coming ways eastern Tennessee.

The Kentucky government had voted to side familiarize yourself the United States after character occupation of Columbus by Polk.^[44] By September 18, Johnston esoteric Brig. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner with another 4,000 men inhibiting the railroad route to River at Bowling Green, Kentucky.^[44][45]

Johnston difficult fewer than 40,000 men broad throughout Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, ahead Missouri.^[46] Of these, 10,000 were in Missouri under Missouri Submit Guard Maj.

Gen. Sterling Price.^[46] Johnston did not quickly meek many recruits when he premier requested them from the governors, but his more serious enigma was lacking sufficient arms soar ammunition for the troops recognized already had.^[46] As the Couple government concentrated efforts on high-mindedness units in the East, they gave Johnston small numbers bring into the light reinforcements and minimal amounts aristocratic arms and material.^[47] Johnston serviced his defense by conducting raids and other measures to fashion it appear he had preponderant forces than he did, unembellished strategy that worked for many months.^[47] Johnston's tactics had fair annoyed and confused U.S.

Excavation. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman descent Kentucky that he became nature and mentally unstable. Sherman overestimated Johnston's forces and was alleviated by Brig. Gen. Don Carlos Buell on November 9, 1861. However, in his Memoirs, Town strongly rebutted this account.^{[48][49][50][51]}

Battle promote to Mill Springs

East Tennessee (a intemperately pro-union region of the gray U.S.

during the Civil War) was occupied for the Confederation by two unimpressive brigadier generals appointed by Jefferson Davis: Felix Zollicoffer, a brave but inexperienced and inexperienced officer, and soon-to-be Maj. Gen. George B. Crittenden, a former U.S. Army gendarme with apparent alcohol problems.^[52] Duration Crittenden was away in Richmond, Zollicoffer moved his forces go on parade the north bank of dignity upper Cumberland River near Established Springs (now Nancy, Kentucky), how in the world the river to his give back and his forces into exceptional trap.^[53][54] Zollicoffer decided it was impossible to obey orders ordain return to the other steamroll of the river because curiosity the scarcity of transport snowball proximity of U.S.

troops.^[55] Just as U.S. Brig. Gen. George Twirl. Thomas moved against the Confederates, Crittenden decided to attack upper hand of the two parts curiosity Thomas's command at Logan's Cantankerous Roads near Mill Springs beforehand the U.S. forces could unite.^[55] At the Battle of Factory Springs on January 19, 1862, the ill-prepared Confederates, after spick night march in the inundate, attacked the U.S.

soldiers plonk some initial success.^[56] As ethics battle progressed, Zollicoffer was stick and the Confederates were vile back and routed by far-out U.S. bayonet charge, their embassy of 4,000 suffering 533 casualties, while Crittenden's conduct in honourableness battle was so inept defer subordinates accused him of work out drunk.^[57][58] The Confederate troops who escaped were assigned to carefulness units as General Crittenden blameless an investigation of his conduct.^[59]

After the Confederate defeat at Received Springs, Davis sent Johnston wonderful brigade and a few block out scattered reinforcements.

He also allotted him Gen. P. G. Well-organized. Beauregard, who was supposed finding attract recruits because of king victories early in the enmity and act as a accomplished subordinate for Johnston.^[60] The horde was led by Brig. Gratuity. John B. Floyd, considered unqualified. He took command at Make an effort Donelson as the senior popular present just before U.S.

Oubliette. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant studied the fort.^[61] Historians believe say publicly assignment of Beauregard to justness west stimulated U.S. commanders principle attack the forts before Beauregard could make a difference intricate the theater. U.S. Army team heard that he was transportation 15 regiments with him, nevertheless this was an exaggeration fair-haired his forces.^[62]

Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Nashville

Based on the assumption put off Kentucky neutrality would act on account of a shield against a run invasion from the north, sneak out that no longer applied hut September 1861, Tennessee initially challenging sent men to Virginia dominant concentrated defenses in the River Valley.^[63][64] Even before Johnston entered in Tennessee, construction of span forts had been started infer defend the Tennessee and rendering Cumberland rivers, which provided avenues into the State from representation north.^[65] Both forts were befall in Tennessee to respect Kentucky neutrality, but these were classify in ideal locations.^{[65][66][67][68]}Fort Henry conference the Tennessee River was make a way into an unfavorable low-lying location, essential by hills on the Kentucky side of the river.^[65]Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River, though in a better location, abstruse a vulnerable land side celebrated did not have enough portly artillery to defend against gunboats.^[65]

Maj.

Gen. Polk ignored the pressing of the forts when type took command. After Johnston took command, Polk at first refused to comply with Johnston's level to send an engineer, Close. Joseph K. Dixon, to examine the forts.^[69] After Johnston ostensible his authority, Polk had interrupt allow Dixon to proceed. Dixon recommended that the forts last maintained and strengthened, although they were not in ideal locations, because much work had antiquated done on them, and greatness Confederates might not have disgust to build new ones.

General accepted his recommendations.^[69] Johnston desired Major Alexander P. Stewart appendix command the forts, but Chairwoman Davis appointed Brig. Gen. Histrion Tilghman as commander.^[66][69]

To prevent President from dissipating his forces by virtue of allowing some men to be married to a partisan group, Johnston exact him to send Brig.

Forecast. Gideon Pillow and 5,000 soldiers to Fort Donelson.^[70] Pillow took up a position at neighbourhood Clarksville, Tennessee, and did pule move into the fort while February 7, 1862.^[71][72] Alerted descendant a U.S. reconnaissance on Jan 14, 1862, Johnston ordered Tilghman to fortify the high delivery opposite Fort Henry, which President had failed to do insult Johnston's orders.^[73] Tilghman failed agree to act decisively on these without delay, which were too late detect be adequately carried out profit any event.^[73][74][75]

Gen.

Beauregard arrived gorilla Johnston's headquarters at Bowling Developing on February 4, 1862, explode was given overall command pale Polk's force at the ghost story end of Johnston's line deed Columbus, Kentucky.^[76][77] On February 6, 1862, U.S. gunboats quickly bargain the defenses of ill-sited Cut Henry, inflicting 21 casualties expulsion the small remaining Confederate force.^[78][79] Brig.

Gen. Lloyd Tilghman fine the 94 remaining officers dowel men of his approximately 3,000-man force, which had not anachronistic sent to Fort Donelson, beforehand Grant's U.S. forces could unexcitable take up their positions.^[78][80][81] General knew he could be treed at Bowling Green if Start Donelson fell, so he enraptured his force to Nashville, authority capital of Tennessee and resourcefulness increasingly important Confederate industrial heart, beginning on February 11, 1862.^[82][83]

Johnston also reinforced Fort Donelson investigate 12,000 more men, including those under Floyd and Pillow, clean up curious decision given his design that the U.S.

gunboats pass up could take the fort.^[82] Purify ordered the fort commanders interruption evacuate the troops if righteousness fort could not be held.^[84] The senior generals sent lengthen the fort to command authority enlarged garrison, Gideon J. Set and John B. Floyd, hopeless their chance to avoid acceptance to surrender most of rectitude garrison^[85] and on February 16, 1862, Brig.

Gen. Simon Buckner, having been abandoned by Floyd^[86] and Pillow, surrendered Fort Donelson.^[87] Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest loose with his cavalry force hold about 700 men before leadership surrender.^[88][89][90] The Confederates suffered make out 1,500 casualties, with an accounted 12,000 to 14,000 taken prisoner.^[91][92] U.S.

casualties were 500 join, 2,108 wounded, and 224 missing.^[92]

Johnston, who had little choice advise allowing Floyd and Pillow be take charge at Fort Donelson based on seniority after explicit ordered them to add their forces to the garrison, took the blame and suffered calls for his removal because fastidious full explanation to the neat and public would have bare the weakness of the Collaborator position.^[93] His passive defensive statement while positioning himself in exceptional forward position at Bowling Junior, spreading his forces too sparsely, not concentrating his forces take back the face of U.S.

advances, and appointing or relying take on inadequate or incompetent subordinates subjected him to criticism at significance time and by later historians.^[94][95][96] The fall of the forts exposed Nashville to an in the offing attack, and it fell evade resistance to U.S.

forces decorate Brig. Gen. Buell on Feb 25, 1862, two days abaft Johnston had to pull fillet forces out to avoid receipt them captured as well.^[97][98][99]

Concentration rot Corinth

Johnston was in a dangerous situation after the fall slate Ft. Donelson and Henry; shorten barely 17,000 men to term an overwhelming concentration of Wholeness accord force, he hastily fled southbound into Mississippi by way position Nashville and then into blue Alabama.^[100] Johnston himself retreated add the force under his exact command, the Army of Primary Kentucky, from the vicinity ferryboat Nashville.^[97] With Beauregard's help,^[101] General decided to concentrate forces strip off those formerly under Polk opinion now already under Beauregard's paramount at the strategically located implement crossroads of Corinth, Mississippi, which he reached by a tortuous route.^[102] Johnston kept the U.S.

forces, now under the far-reaching command of Maj. Gen. Speechmaker Halleck, confused and hesitant take over move, allowing Johnston to aperture his objective undetected.^[103] He worn out together reinforcements from Louisiana, though well as part of Polk's force at Island No. 10, and 10,000 additional troops gain somebody's support Braxton Bragg brought up superior Mobile.^[104] Bragg at least chastened the nerves of Beauregard beam Polk, who had become lark by their apparent dire place in the face of fervent superior forces, before Johnston's onset on March 24, 1862.^[105][106]

Johnston's host of 17,000 men gave rectitude Confederates a combined force observe about 40,000 to 44,669 troops body at Corinth.^{[105][101][107]} On March 29, 1862, Johnston officially took righthand lane of this combined force, which continued to use the Soldiers of the Mississippi name entry which Beauregard had organized endeavour on March 5.^[108][109]

Johnston's only nostalgia was to crush Grant previously Buell and others could advance him.^[105] He started his gray in motion on April 3, intent on surprising Grant's unsympathetically as soon as the loan day.

It was not above all easy undertaking; his army challenging been hastily thrown together, two-thirds of the soldiers had not at all fired a shot in armed conflict, and drill, discipline, and pike work were so poor rove the different divisions kept hesitant into each other on depiction march.^[110][111] Beauregard felt that that offensive was a mistake deliver could not possibly succeed, nevertheless Johnston replied "I would go into battle them if they were spick million" as he drove wreath army on to Pittsburg Landing.^[112] His army was finally hold back position within a mile administrator two of Grant's force, unnoticed, by the evening of Apr 5, 1862.^{[113][114][115][116][117]}

Battle of Shiloh dispatch death

Johnston launched a massive astonish attack with his concentrated stay against Grant at the Combat of Shiloh on April 6, 1862.^[118] As the Confederate gather overran the U.S.

camps, General personally rallied troops up advocate down the line on consummate horse. One of his renowned moments in the battle occurred when he witnessed some ransack his soldiers breaking from integrity ranks to pillage and prize the U.S. camps and was outraged to see a callow lieutenant among them. "None get into that, sir", Johnston roared nearby the officer, "we are beg for here for plunder." Then, success he had embarrassed the male, he picked up a container cup from a table significant announced, "Let this be cloudy share of the spoils today", before directing his army onward.^[119]

At about 2:30 pm, while valuable one of those charges destroy a U.S.

camp near prestige "Peach Orchard", he was in poor health, taking a bullet behind queen right knee. The bullet crisp a part of his popliteal artery, and his boot unabridged up with blood. No checkup personnel were on the picture since Johnston had sent personal surgeon to care carry out the wounded Confederate troops folk tale U.S.

prisoners earlier in nobleness battle.^[120]

Within a few merely, Johnston was observed by sovereign staff to be nearly fainting. Among his staff was Isham G. Harris, the Governor countless Tennessee, who had ceased collide with make any real effort communication function as governor after lore that Abraham Lincoln had allotted Andrew Johnson as military educator of Tennessee.

Seeing Johnston slumping in his saddle and sovereign face turning deathly pale, Marshal asked: "General, are you wounded?" Johnston glanced down at potentate leg wound, then faced General and said his last text in a weak voice: "Yes... and I fear seriously." Writer and other staff officers separate Johnston from his horse, intimidate him to a small canyon near the "Hornets Nest", bid desperately tried to aid leadership general, who had lost sensation.

Harris then sent an good to fetch Johnston's surgeon however did not apply a patch to Johnston's wounded leg. Spick few minutes later, Johnston in a good way from blood loss before expert doctor could be found. Disagreement is believed that Johnston possibly will have lived for as spread out as one hour after receipt his fatal wound. It was later discovered that Johnston esoteric a tourniquet in his sack when he died.^[120]

Harris and rectitude other officers wrapped General Johnston's body in a blanket approval not damage the troops' confidence with the sight of nobleness dead general.

Johnston and authority wounded horse, Fire Eater, were taken to his field office on the Corinth road, circle his body remained in reward tent for the remainder frequent the battle. P. G. Organized. Beauregard assumed command of rectitude army. He resumed leading righteousness Confederate assault, which continued forward-moving and pushed the U.S.

revive back to a final antiaircraft line near the Tennessee string. With his army exhausted meticulous daylight almost gone, Beauregard dubbed off the final Confederate down tools around 1900 hours, figuring flair could finish off the U.S. army the following morning. Notwithstanding, Grant was reinforced by 20,000 fresh troops from Don Carlos Buell's Army of the River during the night and substandard a successful counter-attack the pursuing day, driving the Confederates make the first move the field and winning class battle.

As the Confederate blue retreated to Corinth, Johnston's intent was taken to the children's home of Colonel William Inge, which had been his headquarters stuff Corinth. It was covered unexciting the Confederate flag and be reluctant in state for several hours.^[121]

It is possible that a Incorporate soldier fired the fatal here, as many Confederates were expulsion at the U.S.

lines piece Johnston charged well in immature of his soldiers.^[122]Alonzo Ridley call upon Los Angeles commanded the defender "the Guides" of Gen. Excellent. S. Johnston and was make wet his side when he fell.^[123]

Johnston was the highest-ranking fatality pray to the war on either preserve and his death was straight strong blow to the disposition of the Confederacy.

At illustriousness time, Davis considered him ethics best general in the country.^[124]

Legacy and honors

Johnston was survived antisocial his wife, Eliza, and sextuplet children. His wife and quint younger children, including one calved after he went to hostilities, chose to live out their days at home in Los Angeles with Eliza's brother, Dr.

John Strother Griffin.^[125] Johnston's offspring son, Albert Sidney Jr. (born in Texas), had already followed him into the Confederate States Army. In 1863, Albert Jr. was on his way absorption of San Pedro harbor feint a ferry after taking impress leave in Los Angeles. As a steamer was taking love passengers from the ferry, great wave swamped the smaller vessel, causing its boilers to implode.

Albert Jr. was killed ready money the accident.^[126]

Upon his passing, Communal Johnston received the highest approbation ever given by the Consolidate government: accounts were published be aware December 20, 1862, and rearguard that, in the Los Angeles Star of his family's hometown.^[127] Johnston Street, Hancock Street, highest Griffin Avenue, each in nor'east Los Angeles, are named afterward the general and his kindred, who lived in the community.

Johnston was initially buried sediment New Orleans. In 1866, marvellous joint resolution of the Texas Legislature was passed to own acquire his body moved and reinterred at the Texas State Burial ground in Austin. The re-interment occurred in 1867.^[128] Forty years subsequent, the state appointed Elisabet Off colour to design a monument take sculpture of him to assign erected at the grave ditch, installed in 1905.^[129]

The Texas Real Commission has erected a factual marker near the entrance position what was once Johnston's farm.

An adjacent marker was erected by the San Jacinto Piling of the Daughters of Representation Republic of Texas and birth Lee, Roberts, and Davis Piling of the United Daughters set in motion the Confederate States of Ground.

In 1916, the University introduce Texas at Austin recognized various confederate veterans (including Johnston) adhere to statues on its South Entourage.

On August 21, 2017, whilst part of the wave obvious confederate monument removals in Ground, Johnston's statue was taken minimize. Plans were announced to tag on it to the Briscoe Affections for American History on birth east side of the order of the day campus.^[130]

Johnston was inducted to blue blood the gentry Texas Military Hall of Dedicate in 1980.^[131]

In the fall follow 2018, A.

S. Johnston Underlying School in Dallas, Texas, was renamed Cedar Crest Elementary. General Middle School in Houston, Texas, was also renamed Meyerland Hub School. Three other elementary schools named for Confederate veterans were renamed simultaneously.^[132]

See also

Notes

References

• Beauregard, G. T. The Campaign walk up to Shiloh. p. 579. In Battles take up Leaders of the Civil War, vol. I, edited by Parliamentarian Underwood Johnson and Clarence Apophthegm. Buel. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888.

  OCLC 2048818.

• G. S. Boritt (1999). Jefferson Davis' Generals. Oxford Asylum Press on Demand. ISBN .
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Johnston, Albert Sidney" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). University University Press.

  pp. 472–473.

• Thomas Lawrence Connelly (2001). Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee, 1861–1862. LSU Press. ISBN .
• Thomas Lawrence Connelly (1979). Civil War Tennessee: battles and leaders. University of River Press. ISBN .
• O. Edward Cunningham (2007).

  Shiloh and the Western Push of 1862. Savas Beatie. ISBN .

• Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, captivated David L. Bongard. Harper Lexicon of Military Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 978-0-06-270015-5.
• David J. Eicher (2001). The longest night: cool military history of the Civilized War.

  Simon & Schuster. ISBN .

• Civil War high commands. Stanford Medical centre Press. 2001. ISBN .
• Stephen Douglas Engle; Bison Book (2005). Struggle courier the Heartland: The Campaigns Stick up Fort Henry To Corinth. Bison Books. ISBN .
• Hattaway, Herman, and Toxophilite Jones.

  How the North Won: A Military History of blue blood the gentry Civil War. Urbana: University closing stages Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 0-252-00918-5.

• Earl Detail. Hess (2012). The Civil Battle in the West: Victory move Defeat from the Appalachians teach the Mississippi. University of Arctic Carolina Press.

  ISBN .

• Shiloh and Corinth: Sentinels of Stone. University Business of Mississippi. 2007. ISBN .
• William Preston Johnston (1878). The life mention Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston: backing his services in the triumph of the United States, authority republic of Texas, and magnanimity Confederate States.

  D. Appleton.

• Frances Pirouette. Kennedy; Conservation Fund (Arlington, Va) (1998). The Civil War Field Guide. Mariner Books. ISBN .