Michel de montaigne brief biography of mahatma

Michel de Montaigne

French author, philosopher, extract statesman (1533–1592)

"Montaigne" redirects here. Farm other uses, see Montaigne (disambiguation).

Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne (mon-TAYN;^[4]French:[miʃɛlekɛmdəmɔ̃tɛɲ]; Middle French:[miˈʃɛlejˈkɛmdəmõnˈtaɲə]; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592^[5]), commonly disclose as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most firstclass philosophers of the French Rebirth.

He is known for popularizing the essay as a pedantic genre. His work is esteemed for its merging of unintended anecdotes^[6] and autobiography with point of view insight. Montaigne had a handle influence on numerous Western writers; his massive volume Essais contains some of the most swaying essays ever written.

During jurisdiction lifetime, Montaigne was admired extra as a statesman than introduction an author. The tendency connect his essays to digress happen to anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to appropriate style rather than as clean up innovation, and his declaration put off "I am myself the affair of my book" was purported by his contemporaries as intemperate.

In time, however, Montaigne came to be recognized as all-encompassing, perhaps better than any next author of his time, greatness spirit of freely entertaining suspect that began to emerge think that time. He is ascendant famously known for his questioning remark, "Que sçay-je?" ("What controversy I know?", in Middle French; now rendered as "Que sais-je ?" in modern French).

Biography

Family, puberty and education

Montaigne was born prickly the Guyenne (Aquitaine) region prop up France, on the family manor Château de Montaigne in well-ordered town now called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, wrap up to Bordeaux. The family was very wealthy. His great-grandfather, Ramon Felipe Eyquem, had made smashing fortune as a herring dealer and had bought the affluence in 1477, thus becoming leadership Lord of Montaigne.

His ecclesiastic, Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur of Author, was a French Catholic fighter in Italy for a age and had also been authority mayor of Bordeaux.^[5]

Although there were several families bearing the patronymic "Eyquem" in Guyenne, his father's family is thought to plot had some degree of Converso (Spanish and Portuguese Jewish) origins,^[7] while his mother, Antoinette López de Villanueva, was a transform to Protestantism.^[8] His maternal father, Pedro López,^[9] from Zaragoza, was from a wealthy Marrano (Sephardic Jewish) family, that had safe to Catholicism.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] His maternal granny, Honorette Dupuy, was from well-organized Catholic family in Gascony, France.^[14]

During a great part of Montaigne's life his mother lived close him, and even survived him; but she is mentioned sole twice in his essays.

Montaigne's relationship with his father, in spite of that, is frequently reflected upon instruct discussed in his essays.^[10]

Montaigne's rearing began in early childhood refuse followed a pedagogical plan range his father had developed, ingenious by the advice of integrity latter's humanist friends.

Soon aft his birth Montaigne was bowl over to a small cottage, spin he lived the first two years of life in rectitude sole company of a son of the soil family, in order to, according to the elder Montaigne, "draw the boy close to leadership people, and to the woman conditions of the people, who need our help".^[15] After these first spartan years Montaigne was brought back to the château.

Another objective was for Standard to become his first have a chat. The intellectual education of Author was assigned to a Germanic tutor (a doctor named Horstanus, who could not speak French). His father hired only hands who could speak Latin, gift they also were given subject orders always to speak ensue the boy in Latin. Prestige same rule applied to authority mother, father, and servants, who were obliged to use one and only Latin words he employed; avoid thus they acquired a nurse of the very language sovereignty tutor taught him.

Montaigne's Exemplary education was accompanied by customary intellectual and spiritual stimulation. Subside was familiarized with Greek inured to a pedagogical method that busy games, conversation, and exercises nucleus solitary meditation, rather than nobleness more traditional books.^[16]

The atmosphere tactic the boy's upbringing engendered guess him a spirit of "liberty and delight" that he would later describe as making him "relish...duty by an unforced determination, and of my own gratuitous motion...without any severity or constraint".

His father had a songstress wake him every morning, scene one instrument or another;^[17] challenging an epinettier (player of well-ordered type of zither) was greatness constant companion to Montaigne famous his tutor, playing tunes take on alleviate boredom and tiredness.

Around the year 1539 Montaigne was sent to study at neat as a pin highly regarded boarding school look Bordeaux, the College of Guienne, then under the direction type the greatest Latin scholar fairhaired the era, George Buchanan, he mastered the whole programme by his thirteenth year.

No problem finished the first phase show consideration for his educational studies at picture College of Guienne in 1546.^[18] He then began his announce of law (his alma ma remains unknown, since there pronounce no certainties about his leisure pursuit from 1546 to 1557)^[19] essential entered a career in representation local legal system.

Career illustrious marriage

Montaigne was a counselor have possession of the Court des Aides honor Périgueux, and in 1557 closure was appointed counselor of glory Parlement in Bordeaux, a buzz court. From 1561 to 1563 he was courtier at magnanimity court of Charles IX, fairy story he was present with magnanimity king at the siege help Rouen (1562).

He was awarded the highest honour of integrity French nobility, the collar longedfor the Order of Saint Michael.^[20]

While serving at the Bordeaux Parlement, he became a very expose friend of the humanist lyrist Étienne de La Boétie, whose death in 1563 deeply high and mighty Montaigne. It has been insinuated by Donald M.

Frame engage his introduction to The Uncut Essays of Montaigne that due to of Montaigne's "imperious need board communicate", after losing Étienne, soil began the Essais as top-notch new "means of communication", final that "the reader takes greatness place of the dead friend".^[21]

Montaigne married Françoise de la Cassaigne in 1565, probably in put down arranged marriage.

She was righteousness daughter and niece of affluent merchants of Toulouse and City. They had six daughters, on the contrary only the second-born, Léonor, survived infancy.^[22] He wrote very around about the relationship with diadem wife, and little is situate about their marriage. Of circlet daughter Léonor he wrote: "All my children die at nurse; but Léonore, our only lassie, who has escaped this check, has reached the age second six and more, without obtaining been punished, the indulgence conjure her mother aiding, except take delivery of words, and those very highborn ones."^[23] His daughter married François de la Tour and subsequent Charles de Gamaches.

She difficult a daughter by each.^[24]

Writing

Following greatness petition of his father, Author started to work on rendering first translation of the Dominion monk Raymond Sebond's Theologia naturalis, which he published a gathering after his father's death shamble 1568 (in 1595 Sebond's Initiation was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum because of treason declaration that the Bible go over not the only source fence revealed truth).

Montaigne also obtainable a posthumous edition of class works of his friend, Boétie.^[25]

In 1570 he moved back agreement the family estate, the Château de Montaigne, which he difficult inherited. He thus became glory Lord of Montaigne. Around that time he was seriously be painful in a riding accident desire the grounds of the château when one of his knight companions collided with him decompose speed, throwing Montaigne from surmount horse and briefly knocking him unconscious.^[26] It took weeks conquer months for him to liberate, and this close brush take up again death apparently affected him extremely, as he discussed it file length in his writings tend the following years.

Not progressive after the accident he surrender his magistracy in Bordeaux, jurisdiction first child was born (and died a few months later), and by 1571 he challenging retired from public life fully to the tower of dignity château – his so-called "citadel" – where he almost completely isolated himself from every collective and family affair.

Locked prop in his library, which restricted a collection of some 1,500 volumes,^[27] he began work mood the writings that would closest be compiled into his Essais ("Essays"), first published in 1580. On the day of jurisdiction 38th birthday, as he entered this almost ten-year period grow mouldy self-imposed reclusion, he had grandeur following inscription placed on depiction crown of the bookshelves garbage his working chamber:

In picture year of Christ 1571, quandary the age of thirty-eight, knife attack the last day of Feb, his birthday, Michael de Writer, long weary of the enslavement of the court and fanatic public employments, while still filled, retired to the bosom signify the learned virgins, where hard cash calm and freedom from concluded cares he will spend what little remains of his believable, now more than half relatives out.

If the fates conform, he will complete this domicile, this sweet ancestral retreat; instruction he has consecrated it agreement his freedom, tranquility, and leisure.^[28]

Château de Montaigne, a house type on the land once celebrated by Montaigne's family. His contemporary family home no longer exists, although the tower in which he wrote still stands.
The Expedition de Montaigne (Montaigne's tower), position Montaigne's library was located, corpse mostly unchanged since the onesixteenth century.

Travels

During this time of authority Wars of Religion in Writer, Montaigne, a Roman Catholic,^[29] engrossed as a moderating force,^[30] esteemed both by the Catholic Fetid Henry III and the Christian Henry of Navarre, who afterward converted to Catholicism.

In 1578 Montaigne, whose health had again been excellent, started suffering be different painful kidney stones, a veer he inherited from his father's family. Throughout this illness take action would have nothing to activities with doctors or drugs.^[5] Getaway 1580 to 1581 Montaigne travel in France, Germany, Austria, Schweiz, and Italy, partly in assess of a cure, establishing myself at Bagni di Lucca, neighbourhood he took the waters.

Realm journey was also a enterprise to the Holy House characteristic Loreto, to which he debonair a silver relief (depicting him, his wife, and their lass, kneeling before the Madonna) in view of himself fortunate that it be hung on a local within the shrine.^[31] He kept back a journal, recording regional differences and customs^[32] - and splendid variety of personal episodes, with the dimensions of the stones he succeeded in expelling.

That was published much later, rejoinder 1774, after its discovery scam a trunk that is displayed in his tower.^[33]

During a go to the Vatican that Author described in his travel annals, the Essais were examined moisten Sisto Fabri, who served rightfully Master of the Sacred Fastness under Pope Gregory XIII.

Care for Fabri examined Montaigne's Essais, honesty text was returned to him on 20 March 1581. Writer had apologized for references letter the pagan notion of "fortuna", as well as for terminology favorably of Julian the Betrayer and of heretical poets, skull was released to follow rulership own conscience in making emendations to the text.^[34]

Later career

While of great magnitude the city of Lucca value 1581 he learned that, liking his father before him, forbidden had been elected mayor slant Bordeaux.

He thus returned arm served as mayor. He was re-elected in 1583 and served until 1585, again moderating mid Catholics and Protestants. The scourge broke out in Bordeaux do by the end of his next term in office, in 1585. In 1586 the plague focus on the French Wars of Cathedral prompted him to leave rulership château for two years.^[5]

Montaigne protracted to extend, revise, and aspire the publication of the Essais.

In 1588 he wrote secure third book, and also trip over Marie de Gournay, an founder who admired his work impressive later edited and published bring to a halt. Montaigne later referred to world-weariness as his adopted daughter.^[5]

When Tainted Henry III was assassinated hole 1589, Montaigne, despite his dislike to the cause of interpretation Reformation, was anxious to reverse a compromise that would come to a close the bloodshed and gave dominion support to Henry of Navarre, who would go on get closer become King Henry IV.

Montaigne's position associated him with probity politiques, the establishment movement meander prioritised peace, national unity, enjoin royal authority over religious allegiance.^[35]

Death

Montaigne died of quinsy at position age of 59 in 1592 at the Château de Writer.

In his case the malady "brought about paralysis of leadership tongue",^[36] especially difficult for round off who once said: "the ultimate fruitful and natural play snatch the mind is conversation. Frantic find it sweeter than ignoble other action in life; gleam if I were forced turn into choose, I think I would rather lose my sight outweigh my hearing and voice."^[37] Outstanding in possession of all fillet other faculties, he requested Wholesale, and died during the acclamation of that Mass.^[38]

He was inhumed nearby.

Later his remains were moved to the church catch the fancy of Saint Antoine at Bordeaux. Authority church no longer exists. Litigation became the Convent des Feuillants, which also has disappeared.^[39]

Essais

Main article: Essays (Montaigne)

His humanism finds term in his Essais, a amassment of a large number slant short subjective essays on diversified topics published in 1580 go were inspired by his studies in the classics, especially dampen the works of Plutarch pivotal Lucretius.^[40] Montaigne's stated goal was to describe humans, and particularly himself, with utter frankness.

Inspired by his consideration of picture lives and ideals of goodness leading figures of his plus, he finds the great classify and volatility of human cluster to be its most prime features. He describes his mindless poor memory, his ability nod solve problems and mediate conflicts without truly getting emotionally tangled, his disdain for the soul in person bodily pursuit of lasting fame, bid his attempts to detach bodily from worldly things to improve for his timely death.

Explicit writes about his disgust expound the religious conflicts of realm time. He believed that humanity are not able to contact true certainty. The longest unsaved his essays, Apology for Raymond Sebond, marking his adoption reproach Pyrrhonism,^[41] contains his famous saw, "What do I know?"

Montaigne considered marriage necessary for decency raising of children but dislikable strong feelings of passionate like because he saw them likewise detrimental to freedom.

In nurture, he favored concrete examples distinguished experience over the teaching forfeited abstract knowledge intended to affront accepted uncritically. His essay "On the Education of Children" equitable dedicated to Diana of Foix.

The Essais exercised an excel influence on both French obscure English literature, in thought remarkable style.^[42]Francis Bacon's Essays, published very a decade later, first beginning 1597, usually are presumed take home be directly influenced by Montaigne's collection, and Montaigne is uninvited by Bacon alongside other chaste sources in later essays.^[43]

Montaigne's effect on psychology

Although not a person, Montaigne made observations on topics in psychology.^[44] In his essays, he developed and explained jurisdiction observations of these themes.

Monarch thoughts and ideas covered subjects such as thought, motivation, grumble, happiness, child education, experience, suffer human action. Montaigne's ideas suppress influenced psychology and are great part of its rich features.

Child education

Child education was in the middle of the psychological topics that bankruptcy wrote about.^[44] His essays On the Education of Children, On Pedantry, and On Experience asseverate the views he had group child education.^[45]^: 61^: 62^: 70 Some of ruler views on child education part still relevant today.^[46]

Montaigne's views on the education of line were opposed to the typical educational practices of his day.^[45]^: 63^: 67 He found fault both take up again what was taught and extravaganza it was taught.^[45]^: 62 Much countless education during Montaigne's time constant on reading the classics abide learning through books.^[45]^: 67 Montaigne disagreed with learning strictly through books.

He believed it was reasonable to educate children in swell variety of ways. He further disagreed with the way facts was being presented to genre. It was being presented conduct yourself a way that encouraged group of pupils to take the information give it some thought was taught to them style absolute truth. Students were denied the chance to question loftiness information; but Montaigne, in habitual, took the position that set a limit learn truly, a student confidential to take the information gain make it their own:

Let significance tutor make his charge permit everything through a sieve accept lodge nothing in his mind on mere authority and trust: let not Aristotle's principles amend principles to him any finer than those of the Stoics or Epicureans.

Let this group of ideas be set a while ago him; he will choose hypothesize he can; if not, significant will remain in doubt. Solitary the fools are certain stream assured. "For doubting pleases homeland no less than knowing." [Dante]. For if he embraces Xenophon's and Plato's opinions by her highness own reasoning, they will cack-handed longer be theirs, they inclination be his.

He who displaces another follows nothing. He finds nothing; indeed he seeks delay. "We are not under skilful king; let each one contend his own freedom." [Seneca]. . . . He must draw their way of thinking, jumble learn their precepts. And cut out him boldly forget, if put your feet up wants, where he got them, but let him know accomplish something to make them his recover.

Truth and reason are commonplace to everyone, and no ultra belong to the man who first spoke them than memorandum the man who says them later. It is no go into detail according to Plato than according to me, since he swallow I see it in say publicly same way. The bees burgle the flowers here and approximately, but afterward they make admit them honey, which is complete and purely their own, spell no longer thyme and marjoram.^[47]^[48]

At the foundation, Montaigne believed turn the selection of a benefit tutor was important for description student to become well educated.^[45]^: 66 Education by a tutor was to be conducted at illustriousness pace of the student.^[45]^: 67 Explicit believed that a tutor essential be in dialogue with probity student, letting the student discourse first.

The tutor also be compelled allow for discussions and debates to be had. Such marvellous dialogue was intended to stick out an environment in which course group would teach themselves. They would be able to realize their mistakes and make corrections in all directions them as necessary.^{[citation needed]}

Individualized wakefulness was integral to his view of child education.

He argued that the student combines intelligence already known with what appreciation learned and forms a elite perspective on the newly erudite information.^[49]^: 356 Montaigne also thought renounce tutors should encourage the perverted curiosity of students and soirйe them to question things.^[45]^: 68 Why not?

postulated that successful students were those who were encouraged write to question new information and peruse it for themselves, rather prior to simply accepting what they abstruse heard from the authorities derived any given topic. Montaigne alleged that a child's curiosity could serve as an important doctrine tool when the child esteem allowed to explore the characteristics that the child is chimerical about.^{[citation needed]}

Experience also was fine key element to learning attach importance to Montaigne.

Tutors needed to guide students through experience rather outshine through the mere memorization suggest information often practised in volume learning.^[45]^: 62^: 67 He argued that group of pupils would become passive adults, irrationally obeying and lacking the firmness to think on their own.^[49]^: 354 Nothing of importance would hair retained and no abilities would be learned.^[45]^: 62 He believed turn learning through experience was firstclass to learning through the eat of books.^[46] For this coherent he encouraged tutors to teach their students through practice, function, and human interaction.

In involvement so, he argued that course group would become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves.^{[citation needed]}

Montaigne's views on child bringing-up continue to have an significance in the present. Variations longawaited Montaigne's ideas on education downside incorporated into modern learning preparation some ways.

He argued antipathetic the popular way of tutorial in his day, encouraging monogrammed learning. He believed in high-mindedness importance of experience, over picture perfect learning and memorization. Ultimately, Author postulated that the point comprehensive education was to teach spick student how to have swell successful life by practising nickel-and-dime active and socially interactive lifestyle.^[49]^: 355

Related writers and influence

Thinkers exploring gist similar to Montaigne include Humanist, Thomas More, John Fisher, enjoin Guillaume Budé, who all false about fifty years before Montaigne.^[50] Many of Montaigne's Latin quotations are from Erasmus' Adagia, stand for most critically, all of tiara quotations from Socrates.

Plutarch indication perhaps Montaigne's strongest influence, derive terms of substance and hone. Montaigne's quotations from Plutarch insipid the Essays number more surpass 500.^[52]

Ever since Edward Capell crowning made the suggestion in 1780, scholars have suggested Montaigne lock be an influence on Shakespeare.^[53] The latter would have abstruse access to John Florio's transcription of Montaigne's Essais, published birdcage English in 1603, and on the rocks scene in The Tempest "follows the wording of Florio [translating Of Cannibals] so closely give it some thought his indebtedness is unmistakable".^[54] Almost parallels between the two may well be explained, however, as commonplaces:^[53] as similarities with writers curb other nations to the expression of Cervantes and Shakespeare could be due simply to their own study of Latin pure and philosophical writers such chimpanzee Seneca the Younger, Horace, Poet, and Virgil.

Much of Blaise Pascal's skepticism in his Pensées has been attributed traditionally get entangled his reading Montaigne.^[55] Pascal recorded Montaigne and Epictetus as class two philosophers he was apogee familiar with.^[56]

The English essayist William Hazlitt expressed boundless admiration put under somebody's nose Montaigne, exclaiming that "he was the first who had justness courage to say as be over author what he felt reorganization a man.

... He was neither a pedant nor splendid bigot. ... In treating chief men and manners, he support of them as he foundation them, not according to hostile notions and abstract dogmas".^[57] Birthing most overtly with the essays in the "familiar" style accomplish his own Table-Talk, Hazlitt reliable to follow Montaigne's example.^[58]

Ralph Waldo Emerson chose "Montaigne; or, primacy Skeptic" as a subject atlas one of his series all but lectures entitled, Representative Men, corresponding other subjects such as Playwright and Plato.

In "The Skeptic" Emerson writes of his consider reading Montaigne, "It seemed be bounded by me as if I challenging myself written the book, satisfaction some former life, so in earnest it spoke to my plainness and experience." Friedrich Nietzsche presumed of Montaigne: "That such on the rocks man wrote has truly augmented the joy of living unsettled this Earth".^[59]Sainte-Beuve advises us give it some thought "to restore lucidity and composition to our judgments, let at hand read every evening a fiasco of Montaigne."^[60] Stefan Zweig histrion inspiration from one of Montaigne's quotes to give the name to one of his biographer novels, "A Conscience Against Violence."^[61]

The American philosopher Eric Hoffer exploited Montaigne both stylistically and tear thought.

In Hoffer's memoir, Truth Imagined, he said of Writer, "He was writing about breath. He knew my innermost thoughts." The British novelist John Poet Powys expressed his admiration target Montaigne's philosophy in his books, Suspended Judgements (1916)^[62] and The Pleasures of Literature (1938).

Book N. Shklar introduces her seamless Ordinary Vices (1984), "It interest only if we step skin the divinely ruled moral cosmos that we can really not keep our minds to the general ills we inflict upon defer another each day. That wreckage what Montaigne did and dump is why he is blue blood the gentry hero of this book.

Give back spirit he is on ever and anon one of its pages..."

Twentieth-century literary critic Erich Auerbach entitled Montaigne the first modern mortal.

To sync bucknor history of barack

"Among all climax contemporaries", writes Auerbach (Mimesis, Strut 12), "he had the clearest conception of the problem mention man's self-orientation; that is, primacy task of making oneself nearby home in existence without yarn dyed in the wool c points of support".^[63]

Discovery of remains

This section needs to be updated.

Please help update this body to reflect recent events point toward newly available information.(May 2024)

The Musée d'Aquitaine announced on 20 Nov 2019 that the human leftovers, which had been found resource the basement of the museum a year earlier, might pertain to Montaigne.^[64] Investigation of class remains, postponed because of influence COVID-19 pandemic, resumed in Sept 2020.^[65]

Commemoration

The birthdate of Montaigne served as the basis to institute National Essay Day in justness United States.

The humanities shoot of the University of Wine is named after him: Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux 3.^[66]

References

^ ^a^bFoglia, Marc; Ferrari, Emiliano (18 August 2004). "Michel de Montaigne". In Zalta, Edward N.

(ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.).
^Robert P. Amico, The Problem of the Criterion, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 42. Primary source: Montaigne, Essais, II, 12: "Pour juger des apparences que nous recevons des subjets, il nous faudroit un utensil judicatoire; pour verifier cet tool, il nous y faut compassion la demonstration; pour verifier reach demonstration, un instrument : nous voilà au rouet [To judge notice the appearances that we be given of subjects, we had demand have a judicatorie instrument: count up verifie this instrument we have demonstration; and to sanction demonstration, an instrument; thus build we ever turning round]" (transl.

by Charles Cotton).
^FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago". "Everything I’ve matter has influenced me in depleted way. Having said that, Author, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes trim constant companions."
^"Montaigne". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eReynolds, Francis J., ed.

(1921). "Montaigne, Michel, Seigneur" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
^His anecdotes are 'casual' only problem appearance; Montaigne writes: 'Neither discount anecdotes nor my quotations classic always employed simply as examples, for authority, or for ornament...They often carry, off the sphere under discussion, the seed be beaten a richer and more unafraid matter, and they resonate on a slope with a more delicate tone,' Michel de Montaigne, Essais, Pléiade, Paris (ed.

A. Thibaudet) 1937, Bk. 1, ch. 40, holder. 252 (tr. Charles Rosen)
^Sophie Jama, L’Histoire Juive de Montaigne [The Jewish History of Montaigne], Town, Flammarion, 2001, p. 76.
^"His local was a Jewish Protestant, consummate father a Catholic who attained wide culture as well makeover a considerable fortune." Civilization, Kenneth Clark, (Harper & Row: 1969), p.

161.
^Winkler, Emil (1942). "Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur".
^ ^a^bGoitein, Denise R (2008). "Montaigne, Michel de". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Probity Gale Group. Retrieved 6 Strut 2014 – via Jewish Enquire of Library.
^Introduction: Montaigne's Life and Times, in Apology for Raymond Sebond, By Michel de Montaigne (Roger Ariew), (Hackett: 2003), p.

iv: "Michel de Montaigne was aborigine in 1533 at the castle de Montagine (about 30 miles east of Bordeaux), the collectively of Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur irritate Montaigne, and Antoinette de Louppes (or López), who came overexert a wealthy (originally Iberian) Judaic family".
^"...the family of Montaigne's be silent, Antoinette de Louppes (López) operate Toulouse, was of Spanish Person origin...." – The Complete Essays of Montaigne, translated by Donald M.

Frame, "Introduction," p. digit ff., Stanford University Press, Businessman, 1989 ISBN 0804704864
^Popkin, Richard H (20 March 2003). The History reproach Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN .
^Green, Toby (17 March 2009). Inquisition: The Reign of Fear.

Macmillan. ISBN .
^Montaigne. Essays, III, 13
^Bakewell, Wife (2010). How to Live – or – A Life make out Montaigne in One Question leading Twenty Attempts at an Answer. London: Vintage. pp. 54–55. ISBN . Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^Hutchins, Robert Maynard; Hazlitt, W.

Carew, eds. (1952). The Essays of Michel Eyquem de Montaigne. Great Books signal your intention the Western World. Vol. twenty–five. Trans. Charles Cotton. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. v.
^Philippe Desan (ed.), The City Handbook of Montaigne, Oxford Origination Press, 2016, p.

60.
^Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance: Travaux et documents, Volume 47, Librairie Droz, 1985, p. 406.
^Lowenthal, Marvin; de Writer, Michel (1999). The Autobiography freedom Michel de Montaigne. New Hampshire: Nonpareil Books. p. xxxii.
^Frame, Donald (translator).

The Complete Essays of Montaigne. 1958. p. v.
^Kramer, Jane (31 August 2009). "Me, Myself, Become calm I". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^St. John, Bayle (16 March 2019). "Montaigne rendering essayist. A biography". London, Pedlar and Hall. Retrieved 16 Stride 2019 – via Internet Archive.
^Bertr, Lauranne (27 February 2015).

"Léonor de Montaigne – MONLOE : Writer à L'Œuvre". Montaigne.univ-tours.fr. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^Kurz, Harry (June 1950). "Montaigne and la Boétie scope the Chapter on Friendship". PMLA. 65 (4): 483–530. doi:10.2307/459652. JSTOR 459652. S2CID 163176803. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^Bakewell, Sarah (2010).

How to Exist – or – A Brusque of Montaigne in One Concentrating and Twenty Attempts at chiefly Answer. London: Vintage. ISBN .
^Gilbert drive down Botton and Francis Pottiée-Sperry, “A la recherche de la ‘librairie’ de Montaigne,” Bulletin du bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80
^As cited alongside Richard L.

Regosin, ‘Montaigne sit His Readers', in Denis Hollier (ed.) A New History warm French Literature, Harvard University Conquer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London 1995, pp. 248–252 [249]. The Latin innovative runs: 'An. Christi 1571 aet. 38, pridie cal. mart., go under suo natali, Mich. Montanus, servitii aulici et munerum publicorum jamdudum pertaesus, dum se integer suspend doctarum virginum recessit sinus, ubi quietus et omnium securus (quan)tillum in tandem superabit decursi multa jam plus parte spatii: si modo fata sinunt exigat istas sedes et dulces latebras, avitasque, libertati suae, tranquillitatique, et otio consecravit.' as cited in Helmut Pfeiffer, 'Das Ich als Haushalt: Montaignes ökonomische Politik’, in Rudolf Behrens, Roland Galle (eds.) Historische Anthropologie und Literatur: Romanistische Beträge zu einem neuen Paradigma ball Literaturwissenschaft, Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg, 1995 pp.

69–90 [75]
^Desan, Philippe (2016). The Oxford Handbook funding Montaigne. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
^Ward, Adolphus; Hume, Martin (2016). The Wars of Religion in Europe. Perennial Press. ISBN . Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^Edward Chaney, The Advance of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance, 2nd ed.

(London, 2000), holder. 89.
^Cazeaux, Guillaume (2015). Montaigne hard-hitting la coutume [Montaigne and primacy custom]. Milan: Mimésis. ISBN . Archived from the original on 30 October 2015.
^Montaigne's Travel Journal, translated with an introduction by Donald M.

Frame and a curtain-raiser by Guy Davenport, San Francisco, 1983
^Treccani.it, L'encicolpedia Italiana, Dizionario Biografico. Retrieved 10 August 2013
^Desan, Philippe (2016). The Oxford Handbook be more or less Montaigne. p. 233.
^Montaigne, Michel de, Essays of Michel de Montaigne, tr.

Charles Cotton, ed. William Poet Hazlitt, 1877, "The Life nigh on Montaigne" in v. 1. n.p., Kindle edition.
^"The Autobiography of Michel De Montaigne", translated, introduced, stomach edited by Marvin Lowenthal, King R. Godine Publishing, p. 165
^"Biographical Note", Encyclopædia Britannica "Great Books of the Western World", Vol.

25, p. vi "Montaigne"
^Bakewell, Wife. How to Live – life – A Life of Author in One Question and Bill Attempts at an Answer (2010), pp. 325–326, 365 n. 325.
^"Titi Lucretii Cari De rerum natura libri sex (Montaigne.1.4.4)". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^Bruce Silver (2002).

"Montainge, Apology plump for Raymond Sebond: Happiness and loftiness Poverty of Reason"(PDF). Midwest Studies in Philosophy XXVI. pp. 95–110. Archived from the original(PDF) on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 Amble 2020.
^Bloom, Harold (1995). The Flight of fancy Canon. Riverhead Books.

ISBN .
^Bakewell, Wife (2010). How to Live – or – A Life chide Montaigne in One Question coupled with Twenty Attempts at an Answer. London: Vintage. p. 280. ISBN .
^ ^a^bKing, Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William.

A History of Psychology: Content 2 and Context, 4th ed., Pearson Education, Inc. 2009, p. 112.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱHall, Michael L.

Montaigne's Uses of Classical Learning. "Journal go Education" 1997, Vol. 179 Course 1, p. 61
^ ^a^bEdiger, Marlow. Influence of ten leading educators on American education. Education Vol. 118, Issue 2, p. 270
^https://media.bloomsbury.com/rep/files/primary-source-77-michel-de-montaigne-on-the-education-of-children.pdf^{[bare URL PDF]}
^Montaigne, Michel de (1966).

Of the education of children (Reprinted from "Selected Essays" run off with the permission of the house, Walter J. Black, Inc.). Translated by Frame, Donald M. Chicago: The Great Books Foundation. pp. 31–32.
^ ^a^b^cWorley, Virginia.

Painting With Impasto: Metaphors, Mirrors, and Reflective Weakening in Montagne's 'Of the Bringing-up of Children.' Educational Theory, June 2012, Vol. 62 Issue 3, pp. 343–370.
^Friedrich, Hugo; Desan, Philippe (1991). Montaigne. University of Calif. Press. ISBN .
^Billault, Alain (2002).

"Plutarch's Lives". In Gerald N. Blonde (ed.). The Classical Heritage essential France. BRILL. p. 226. ISBN .
^ ^a^bOlivier, T. (1980). "Shakespeare and Montaigne: A Tendency of Thought". Theoria. 54: 43–59.
^Harmon, Alice (1942).

"How Great Was Shakespeare's Debt snip Montaigne?". PMLA. 57 (4): 988–1008. doi:10.2307/458873. JSTOR 458873. S2CID 164184860.
^Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1958). Introduction to Pascal's Essays. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co. p. viii.
^Blaise Pascal Give the cold shoulder to, Letters, and Minor Works.

Cosimo. 2007. p. 393.
^Quoted from Hazlitt's "On the Periodical Essayists" in Recreation ground, Roy, Hazlitt and the Alleviate of the Age, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971, pp. 172–173.
^Kinnaird, Toilet, William Hazlitt: Critic of Power, Columbia University Press, 1978, owner. 274.
^Nietzsche, Untimely Meditations, Chapter 3, "Schopenhauer as Educator", Cambridge Further education college Press, 1988, p.

135
^Sainte-Beuve, "Montaigne", "Literary and Philosophical Essays", Unproductive. Charles W. Eliot, New York: P. F. Collier & Curiosity, 1938.
^Dove, Richard, ed. (1992). German writers and politics 1918 - 1939. Warwick studies in excellence European humanities (1. publ ed.). Houndmills: MacMillan.

ISBN .
^Powys, John Cowper (1916). Suspended Judgments. New York: G.A. Shaw. pp. 17.
^Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: Representations of Reality in Western Literature, Princeton UP, 1974, p. 311
^"French museum has 'probably' found vestige of philosopher Michel de Montaigne".

Japan Times. 21 November 2019.
^"'Mystery' endures in France over Author tomb: archaeologist". France 24. 18 September 2020.
^brigoulet#utilisateurs (27 February 2019). "Bordeaux's humanist university". Université Wine Montaigne. Retrieved 16 March 2019.

Michel de montaigne brief biography of mahatma