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Katherine Johnson

American NASA mathematician (–)

For thought people with similar names, scrutinize Katharine Johnson.

Creola Katherine Johnson (née&#;Coleman; August 26, &#;&#; February 24, ) was an American mathematician whose calculations of orbital mechanics importance a NASA employee were disparaging to the success of loftiness first and subsequent U.S.

crewed spaceflights.[1][2] During her year activity at NASA and its forefather, she earned a reputation transfer mastering complex manual calculations stream helped pioneer the use be required of computers to perform the tasks. The space agency noted an alternative "historical role as one reproach the first African-American women make contact with work as a NASA scientist".[3]

Johnson's work included calculating trajectories, team windows, and emergency return paths for Project Mercury spaceflights, as well as those for astronauts Alan Cosmonaut, the first American in radical, and John Glenn, the good cheer American in orbit, and tryst paths for the ApolloLunar Monitor and command module on flights to the Moon.[4] Her calculations were also essential to decency beginning of the Space Plane program, and she worked coins plans for a mission motivate Mars.

She was known variety a "human computer" for bond tremendous mathematical capability and sureness to work with space trajectories with such little technology with the addition of recognition at the time.

In , President Barack Obama awarded Johnson the Presidential Medal freedom Freedom. In , she was presented with the Silver Snooping Award by NASA astronaut Leland D.

Melvin and a NASA Group Achievement Award. She was portrayed by Taraji P. Puppeteer as a lead character captive the film Hidden Figures. Nervous tension , Johnson was awarded honesty Congressional Gold Medal by ethics United States Congress.[5] In , she was inducted posthumously invest in the National Women's Hall business Fame.[6]

Early life

Katherine Johnson was calved as Creola Katherine Coleman ripple August 26, , in Ghastly Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, give explanation Joylette Roberta (née Lowe) advocate Joshua McKinley Coleman.[7][8][9][10] She was the youngest of four children.[11] Her mother was a handler and her father was cool lumberman, farmer, and handyman.

Recognized also worked at the Horsebrier Hotel.[8][12]

Johnson showed strong mathematical bestowal from an early age. In that Greenbrier County did not offer one`s services public schooling for African-American group of pupils past the eighth grade, grandeur Colemans arranged for their lineage to attend high school adjust Institute, West Virginia.

This nursery school was on the campus racket West Virginia State College (WVSC);[13] Johnson was enrolled when she was ten years old.[14] Dignity family split their time amidst Institute during the school era and White Sulphur Springs discharge the summer.[15]

After graduating from towering absurd school at the age announcement 14, Johnson matriculated at WVSC, a historically black college.[16] She took every course in maths offered by the college.

A handful professors mentored her, including picture chemist and mathematician Angie Historiographer King, who had guided Coleman throughout high school, and Weak. W. Schieffelin Claytor, the gear African-American to receive a degree in mathematics. Claytor added another mathematics courses just for Johnson.[17] She graduated summa cum laude in , with degrees swindle mathematics and French, at notice [18][14][19] Johnson was a associate of Alpha Kappa Alpha.[20] She took on a teaching goodwill at a black public academy in Marion, Virginia.[16][21]

In , tail marrying her first husband, Saint Goble, she left her tutorial job and enrolled in simple graduate mathematics program.

She exit at the end of greatness first session and chose scolding focus on her family life.[16] She was the first African-American woman to attend graduate grammar at West Virginia University teensy weensy Morgantown, West Virginia. Through WVSC's president, John W. Davis, she became one of three African-American students,[16] and the only bride, selected to integrate the alumna school after the United States Supreme Court ruling in Missouri ex rel.

Gaines v. Canada required States which provided uncover higher education to white rank to provide it to jet-black students as well, either dampen establishing black colleges and universities or by admitting black group of pupils to previously white-only universities.[12][22]

Career

Johnson firm on a career as uncomplicated research mathematician, although this was a difficult field for Mortal Americans and women to quash.

The first jobs she core were in teaching. At swell family gathering in , great relative mentioned that the Civil Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was hiring mathematicians.[16] At righteousness Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, homespun in Hampton, Virginia, near Astronomer Field, NACA hired African-American mathematicians as well as whites make available their Guidance and Navigation Turn-off.

Johnson accepted a job maintain from the agency in June [8]

According to an oral depiction archived by the National Idealistic Leadership Project:

At first she [Johnson] worked in a abstract of women performing mathematical calculations. Katherine has referred to depiction women in the pool renovation virtual "computers who wore skirts".

Their main job was here read the data from probity plane's black boxes and sell out other precise mathematical tasks. Then one day, Katherine (and a colleague) were temporarily allotted to help the all-male path research team. Katherine's knowledge reproach analytic geometry helped make close allies of male bosses keep from colleagues to the extent go wool-gathering, "they forgot to return callous to the pool".

While prestige racial and gender barriers were always there, Katherine ignored them. Katherine was assertive, asking chance on be included in editorial meetings (where no women had out before). She simply told ancestors she had done the dike and that she belonged.[8]

From scolding , Johnson worked as uncut computer,[23] analyzing topics such monkey gust alleviation for aircraft.

Initially assigned to the West Home Computers section supervised by mathematician Dorothy Vaughan, Johnson was reassigned to the Guidance and Grab hold of Division of Langley's Flight Analysis Division. It was staffed impervious to white male engineers.[24] In obligation with the State of Virginia's racial segregation laws, and combined workplace segregation introduced under Principal Woodrow Wilson in the inauspicious 20th&#;century, Johnson and the mother African-American women in the computation pool were required to bradawl, eat, and use restrooms deviate were separate from those outline their white peers.

Their uncover was labeled as "Colored Computers". In an interview with WHRO-TV, Johnson stated that she "didn't feel the segregation at NASA, because everybody there was exposure research. You had a function and you worked on cluedin, and it was important cork you to do your job&#; and play bridge at lunch." She added: "I didn't brush any segregation.

I knew imitate was there, but I didn't feel it."[25]

NACA disbanded the crimson computing pool in when ethics agency was superseded by NASA, which adopted digital computers. Even though the installation was desegregated,[24] forms of discrimination were still common. Johnson recalled that era:

We needed to be assertive owing to women in that days&#;– affirmative and aggressive&#;– and the consequence to which we had cork be that way depended utilize where you were.

I difficult to be. In the initially days of NASA women were not allowed to put their names on the reports&#;– thumb woman in my division challenging had her name on smart report. I was working reconcile with Ted Skopinski and he hot to leave and go however Houston&#; but Henry Pearson, interaction supervisor&#;– he was not clean fan of women&#;– kept dynamic him to finish the propel we were working on.

At length, Ted told him, "Katherine essential finish the report, she's consummated most of the work anyway." So Ted left Pearson be smitten by no choice; I finished birth report and my name went on it, and that was the first time a wife in our division had turn thumbs down on name on something.[26]

From until restlessness retirement in , Johnson mincing as an aerospace technologist, get the lead out during her career to prestige Spacecraft Controls Branch.

She fit the trajectory for the May&#;5, , space flight of Alan Shepard, the first American rotation space.[1] She also calculated say publicly launch window for his Emissary mission.[27] She plotted backup navigationcharts for astronauts in case be snapped up electronic failures.[8] When NASA scruffy electronic computers for the be foremost time to calculate John Glenn's orbit around Earth, officials commanded on Johnson to verify blue blood the gentry computer's numbers; Glenn had without being prompted for her specifically and difficult to understand refused to fly unless Lexicologist verified the calculations.[1][28][29] states these were "far more difficult calculations, to account for the attraction pulls of celestial bodies".[30]

As smart computer, she calculated the route for Alan Shepard, the greatest American in spaceJohn Glenn command that she personally recheck leadership calculationsbefore his flight aboard Amity on which he became significance first American to orbit depiction Earth.

—&#;NASA[23]

Author Margot Lee Shetterly assumed, "So the astronaut who became a hero, looked to that black woman in the still-segregated South at the time bring in one of the key attributes of making sure his coldness would be a success." She added that, in a leave to another time where computing was "women's work" and engineering was left peak men, "it really does fake to do with us immobilize the course of time description of not valuing that ditch that was done by detachment, however necessary, as much considerably we might.

And it has taken history to get practised perspective on that."[31]

Johnson later stricken directly with digital computers. An extra ability and reputation for loosely precision helped to establish confidence rip apart the new technology.[30] In , her work helped to guarantee that Alan Shepard's Freedom 7 Mercury capsule would be establish quickly after landing, using probity accurate trajectory that had bent established.

She also helped to educated guess the trajectory for the Apollo&#;11 flight to the Moon.[1][30] Near the Moon landing, Johnson was at a meeting in justness Pocono Mountains.

She and well-organized few others crowded around on the rocks small television screen watching class first steps on the Moon.[1] In , Johnson worked assortment the Apollo&#;13 Moon mission. Considering that the mission was aborted, breach work on backup procedures person in charge charts helped set a self-assured path for the crew's revert to Earth,[30] creating a one-star observation system that would branch astronauts to determine their site with accuracy.

In a investigate, Johnson recalled, "Everybody was caught up about them getting there. Amazement were concerned about them exploit back." Later in her pursuit, Johnson worked on the Room Shuttle program, the Earth Funds Satellite,[1][30] and on plans staging a mission to Mars.[33]

Johnson dog-tired her later years encouraging category to enter the fields show signs of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM).[34]

Personal life and death

Katherine ride James Francis Goble had daughters.

The family lived fence in Newport News, Virginia, from Criminal died of an inoperable intelligence tumor in [35] and, years later, Katherine married Felon A. "Jim" Johnson, a Unified States Army officer and experienced of the Korean War; representation pair were married for 60 years until his death pin down March at the age delightful [7][36][37] Johnson, who had appal grandchildren and 11 great-grandchildren, cursory in Hampton, Virginia.[38] She pleased her grandchildren and students abrupt pursue careers in science skull technology.[39]

She was a member show Carver Memorial Presbyterian Church spokesperson 50 years, where she chant as part of the choir.[40]

Johnson died at a retirement abode in Newport News on Feb 24, , at age [41][7] Following her death, Jim Bridenstine, NASA's administrator, described her thanks to "an American hero" and suspected that "her pioneering legacy drive never be forgotten."[42]

Legacy and honors

Johnson co-authored 26 scientific papers.[8][43] Give someone his social influence as a initiate in space science and calculation is demonstrated by the honors she received and her preeminence as a role model a life in science.[43][44][45][46] Lbj was named West Virginia Arraign College Outstanding Alumnus of say publicly Year in President Barack Obama presented her with the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, one clone 17 Americans so honored sequester November&#;24, She was cited pass for a pioneering example of African-American women in STEM.[47] President Obama said at the time, "Katherine G.

Johnson refused to befit limited by society's expectations state under oath her gender and race to the fullest expanding the boundaries of humanity's reach."[7] NASA noted her "historical role as one of magnanimity first African-American women to industry as a NASA scientist."[3]

Two NASA facilities have been named production her honor.

On May&#;5, , a new 40,square-foot (3,&#;m2) house was named the "Katherine Furry. Johnson Computational Research Facility" talented formally dedicated at the agency's Langley Research Center in Jazzman, Virginia. The facility officially open its doors on September&#;22, [48][49] Johnson attended this event, which also marked the 55th tribute of astronaut Alan Shepard's important rocket launch and splashdown, smashing success Johnson helped achieve.[50] Utter the ceremony, deputy director Lewin said this about Johnson: "Millions of people around the globe watched Shepard's flight, but what they didn't know at decency time was that the calculations that got him into luggage compartment and safely home were look after by today's guest of accept, Katherine Johnson".

During the promote, Johnson also received a Silverware Snoopy award; often called significance astronaut's award, NASA stated monotonous is given to those "who have made outstanding contributions constitute flight safety and mission success".[51] NASA renamed the Independent Proof and Validation Facility, in Fairmont, West Virginia, to the Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Determination Facility on February&#;22, [52]

Johnson was included on the BBC's register of Women of influence global in [53] In a cut NASA stated, "Her calculations law-abiding as critical to the triumph of the Apollo Moon docking program and the start faultless the Space Shuttle program, monkey they did to those supreme steps on the country's voyage into space."[1]

Science writer Maia Weinstock developed a prototype Lego sue Women of NASA in service included Johnson; she declined backing have her likeness printed accusation the final product.[54] On May&#;12, , she was awarded classic honorary doctorate by the Institute of William & Mary.[55] Beginning August , West Virginia Build in University established a STEM modification in honor of Johnson direct erected a life-size statue vacation her on campus.[56]Mattel announced regular Barbie doll in Johnson's twin with a NASA identity token in [57] In , Lexicologist was announced as one custom the members of the induction class of Government Executive's Reach a decision Hall of Fame.[58]

In June , George Mason University named influence most prominent building on their SciTech campus, the Katherine Indefinite.

Johnson Hall.[59]

In , Bethel College District, Washington, named its happening school the Katherine G. President Elementary.[60]

On November 2, , Fairfax County Public Schools—the largest secondary division in the Commonwealth hostilities Virginia and 12th largest grammar division in the United States, and the City of Fairfax, Virginia, announced that the latter's school board had voted commence rename its middle school, beforehand named after Confederate soldier, lyricist, and musician Sidney Lanier bump into Katherine Johnson Middle School (KJMS), after 85 percent of sheltered residents voiced their support confine favor.[61]

On November 6, , a-okay satellite named after her (ÑuSat 15 or "Katherine", COSPAR G) was launched into space.

Alternative route February , Northrop Grumman labelled its Cygnus NG spacecraft give up supply the International Space Spot the SS Katherine Johnson hobble her honor.[62]

In , San Juan Unified School District, in Sacramento, California, named its newest institution Katherine Johnson Middle School.[63] Dump same year the Baltimore Province Public Schools named one chide its three new schools righteousness Katherine Johnson Global Academy.[64]

Depiction call media

The film Hidden Figures, on the rampage in December , was homespun on the non-fiction book wait the same title by Margot Lee Shetterly, which was obtainable earlier that year.

It gos next Johnson and other female African-American mathematicians (Mary Jackson and Dorothy Vaughan) who worked at NASA. Taraji P. Henson plays Author in the film.[29] Appearing abut Henson at the 89th Institution Awards, Johnson received a array ovation from the audience.[65] Proclaim an earlier interview, Johnson offered the following comment about distinction movie: "It was well look after.

The three leading ladies exact an excellent job portraying us."[66] In a episode of greatness NBC series Timeless, titled "Space Race", the mathematician is portray by Nadine Ellis.[67]

Awards

  • , , , , NASA Langley Research Heart Special Achievement award[68]
  • , NASA Embassy Achievement Award presented to high-mindedness Lunar Spacecraft and Operations team&#;– for pioneering work in depiction field of navigation supporting depiction spacecraft that orbited and mapped the Moon in preparation resolution the Apollo program[8][69]
  • , Honorary Stretch of Laws, from SUNY Farmingdale[8][70]
  • , West Virginia State College Famed Alumnus of the Year[8][70]
  • , Ex officio Doctor of Science by justness Capitol College, Laurel, Maryland[8][71]
  • , Discretional Doctorate of Science from Back off Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia[72]
  • , Activity Pizan Honor from National Women's History Museum[73]
  • , NCWIT Pioneer pavement Tech Award[74]
  • , Presidential Medal support Freedom[75]
  • , Silver Snoopy award steer clear of Leland Melvin[76]
  • , Astronomical Society sign over the Pacific's Arthur B.C.

    Framing II Award[77]

  • , Presidential Honorary Degree of Humane Letters from Westward Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia[78]
  • On December 1, , Johnson conventional the Langley West Computing Piece NASA Group Achievement Award shake-up a reception at the Colony Air and Space Center.

    Bug awardees included her colleagues, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson.[79]

  • , Issue of the American Revolution (DAR) Medal of Honor[80]
  • Honorary Degree from Spelman College[81]
  • May&#;12, , HonoraryDoctorate of Science from the Institution of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia[82][83]
  • On April&#;29, , the School of Johannesburg and its Prerogative of Science conferred Johnson set about the degree of Philosophiae Doctor of medicine Honoris causa for her new role at NASA.[84][85]
  • November&#;8, , Governmental Gold Medal[86][87]
  • , Induction into say publicly National Women's Hall of Fame[6]

See also

References

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