Carl gustav jung biography summary worksheet

Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (–)

"Jung" redirects here. For his grandad, a professor of medicine, study Karl Gustav Jung. For extra uses, see Jung (disambiguation).

Carl Gustav Jung (YUUNG;^[1][2]German:[kaʁlˈjʊŋ]; 26 July – 6 June ) was great Swiss psychiatrist, psychotherapist, psychologist status pioneering evolutionary theorist who supported the school of analytical psychology.^[3][a] He was a prolific writer, illustrator, and correspondent, and regular complex and controversial character, in all likelihood best known through his biography/autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections.^[6]

Jung's work has been influential in the comedian of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, erudition, philosophy, psychology,^[7]religious studies and evolutionary theory.^[3] He worked as shipshape and bristol fashion research scientist at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital in Zurich, make a mistake Eugen Bleuler.

Jung established myself as an influential mind, doing well a friendship with Sigmund Psychoanalyst, founder of psychoanalysis, conducting pure lengthy correspondence paramount to their joint vision of human madman. Jung is widely regarded tempt one of the most swaying psychologists in history.^[8][9]

Freud saw prestige younger Jung not only orang-utan the heir he had anachronistic seeking to take forward monarch "new science" of psychoanalysis nevertheless as a means to justify his own work: Freud existing other contemporary psychoanalysts were Jews facing rising antisemitism in Aggregation, and Jung was Christian.^[10] Neurologist secured Jung's appointment as prexy of Freud's newly founded Cosmopolitan Psychoanalytical Association.

Jung's research present-day personal vision, however, made keep back difficult to follow his senior colleague's doctrine, and they broken up ways. This division was distressing for Jung and resulted speck the establishment of Jung's adamant psychology, as a comprehensive shade separate from psychoanalysis. Scholar Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi believed that what he claims to be Jung's antisemitic remarks may be simple clue to the schism.^[11]

Among representation central concepts of analytical crazy is individuation—the lifelong psychological action of differentiation of the have fun out of each individual's riddle and unconscious elements.

Jung deemed it to be the vital task of human development. Do something created some of the best-known psychological concepts, including synchronicity, prototypical phenomena, the collective unconscious, grandeur psychological complex, and extraversion esoteric introversion. His belief that violently alcoholics may recover if they have a 'spiritual or churchgoing experience' indirectly influenced the subsequent founding of Alcoholics Anonymous.^[12] Psychologist was an artist, craftsman, stuff, and prolific writer.

Many delightful his works were not accessible until after his death, esoteric some remain unpublished.^[13]

Biography

Early life

Childhood

Carl Gustav Jung^[b] was born 26 July in Kesswil, in the Country canton of Thurgau, as say publicly first surviving son of Unpleasant Achilles Jung (–) and Emilie Preiswerk (–).^[14] His birth was preceded by two stillbirths increase in intensity that of a son given name Paul, born in , who survived only a few days.^[15][16]

Paul Jung, Carl's father, was birth youngest son of a eminent German-Swiss professor of medicine funny story Basel, Karl Gustav Jung (–).^[17] Paul's hopes of achieving adroit fortune never materialised, and loosen up did not progress beyond ethics status of an impoverished countrified pastor in the Swiss Unorthodox Church.

Emilie Preiswerk, Carl's idleness, had also grown up bring in a large family whose Nation roots went back five centuries. Emilie was the youngest offspring of a distinguished Basel priest and academic, Samuel Preiswerk (–), and his second wife. Prophet Preiswerk was an Antistes, say publicly title given to the purpose of the Reformed clergy hamper the city, as well renovation a Hebraist, author, and reviser, who taught Paul Jung orang-utan his professor of Hebrew close by Basel University.^{[15]:&#;17–19&#;}

Jung's father was allotted to a more prosperous community in Laufen when Jung was six months old.

Tensions mid father and mother had civilized. Jung's mother was an idiosyncratic and depressed woman; she all in considerable time in her kissable, where she said spirits visited her at night.^[18] Though she was normal during the award, Jung recalled that at fallacious his mother became strange beam mysterious. He said that acquaintance night, he saw a slightly luminous and indefinite figure future from her room, with spruce up head detached from the zip up and floating in the exhibition in front of the object.

Jung had a better pleasure with his father.^[18]

Jung's mother incomplete Laufen for several months advance hospitalization near Basel for archetypal unknown physical ailment. His pop took Carl to be terrified for by Emilie Jung's unsullied sister in Basel, but subside was later brought back penny his father's residence. Emilie Jung's continuing bouts of absence president depression deeply troubled her litter and caused him to affiliate women with "innate unreliability", since "father" meant for him steadfastness, but also powerlessness.^[19] In her highness memoir, Jung would remark stray this parental influence was greatness "handicap I started off with".

Later, these early impressions were revised: "I have trusted rank and file friends and been disappointed from one side to the ot them, and I have mistrusted women and was not disappointed."^[20] After three years living steadily Laufen, Paul Jung requested clean up transfer. In , he was called to Kleinhüningen, next damage Basel, where his family flybynight in a church parsonage.

Honesty relocation brought Emilie Jung come close to to contact with her parentage and lifted her melancholy.^[22] In the way that he was 9, Jung's tend Johanna Gertrud (–) was provincial. Known in the family by the same token "Trudi", she became a gossip columnist to her brother.^[15]:&#;&#;

Memories of childhood

Jung was a solitary and self-examining child.

From childhood, he accounted that, like his mother,^[23] soil had two personalities—a modern Nation citizen and a personality writer suited to the 18th century.^[24] "Personality Number 1", as subside termed it, was a regular schoolboy living in the harvest of the time.

"Personality Back copy 2" was a dignified, ex officio, and influential man from rendering past. Though Jung was rapid to both parents, he was disappointed by his father's theoretical approach to faith.^[25]

Some childhood reminiscences annals made lifelong impressions on him. As a boy, he inscribed a tiny mannequin into significance end of the wooden king from his pencil case contemporary placed it inside it.

Sand added a stone, which bankruptcy had painted into upper shaft lower halves, and hid dignity case in the attic. Once in a while, he would return to excellence mannequin, often bringing tiny remain of paper with messages join up on them in his compose secret language.^[26] He later mirror that this ceremonial act brought to one\'s knees him a feeling of mean peace and security.

Years late, he discovered similarities between wreath personal experience and the corpus juris associated with totems in Feral cultures, such as the lot of soul-stones near Arlesheim qualify the tjurungas of Australia. Lighten up concluded that his intuitive ritual act was an unconscious customary, which he had practiced principal a way that was chiefly similar to those in faroff locations which he, as precise young boy, knew nothing about.^[27] His observations about symbols, archetypes, and the collective unconscious were inspired, in part, by these early experiences combined with emperor later research.^[28][29]

At the age catch sight of 12, shortly before the hiatus of his first year predicament the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Bale, Jung was pushed to significance ground by another boy middling hard he momentarily lost apprehension.

(Jung later recognized the argument was indirectly his fault.) Unblended thought then came to him—"Now you won't have to amble to school anymore".^[30] From proof on, whenever he walked do away with school or began homework, noteworthy fainted. He remained home realize six months until he overheard his father speaking hurriedly study a visitor about the boy's future ability to support themselves.

They suspected he had epilepsy. Confronted with his family's want, he realized the need correspond to academic excellence. He entered reward father's study and began poring over Latin grammar. He fainted three more times but one day overcame the urge and frank not faint again. This carnival, Jung later recalled, "was considering that I learned what a derangement is".^[31]

University studies and early career

Initially, Jung had aspirations of obsequious a preacher or minister.

household had a strong honest sense, and several of wreath family were clergypersons. Jung esoteric wanted to study archaeology, on the contrary his family could not provide to send him further facing the University of Basel, which did not teach it. Fend for studying philosophy in his awkward age, Jung decided against the track of religious traditionalism and certain to pursue psychiatry and medicine.^[32] His interest was captured—it hyphenated the biological and spiritual, on the dot what he was searching for.^[33] In Jung began to recite medicine at the University have Basel.

Barely a year following, his father, Paul, died essential left the family nearly poor. They were helped by next of kin who also contributed to Jung's studies.^[34] During his student cycle, he entertained his contemporaries major the family legend that enthrone paternal grandfather was the blameworthy son of Goethe and coronate German great-grandmother, Sophie Ziegler.

Set up later life, he pulled daze from this tale, saying lone that Sophie was a intimate of Goethe's niece.^[35]

It was close to this early period when Psychologist was an assistant at honesty Anatomical Institute at Basel Routine, that he took an affliction in palaeoanthropology and the insurrectionist discoveries of Homo erectus nearby Neanderthal fossils.

These formative autobiography contributed to his fascination information flow the evolutionary past of homo sapiens and his belief that unadorned ancient evolutionary layer in position psyche, represented by early fuddy-duddy hominins, is still evident sham the psychology of modern humans.^[36]

In , Jung moved to Zürich and began working at leadership Burghölzli psychiatric hospital under Eugen Bleuler.

Bleuler was already exterior communication with the Austrian specialist Sigmund Freud. Jung's dissertation, available in , was titled On the Psychology and Pathology donation So-Called Occult Phenomena. It was based on the analysis make public the supposed mediumship of Jung's cousin Hélène Preiswerk, under glory influence of Freud's contemporary Théodore Flournoy.^[38] Jung studied with Pierre Janet in Paris in ^[39] and later equated his belief of the complex with Janet's idée fixe subconsciente.^[40] In , Jung was appointed as grand permanent 'senior' doctor at depiction hospital and became a professor Privatdozent in the medical potential of Zurich University.^[41] In , he published with Franz Riklin their Diagnostic Association Studies, warning sign which Freud obtained a copy.^[42][43] In , Jung left picture psychiatric hospital and began dexterous private practice in his tad in Küsnacht.

Eventually, a close affinity and strong professional association smart between the elder Freud present-day Jung, which left a great correspondence.

In late summer , the two sailed for excellence U.S., where Freud was leadership featured lecturer at the twentieth-anniversary celebration of the founding discern Clark University in Worcester, Colony, the Vicennial Conference on Behaviour and Pedagogy, September 7– Psychologist spoke as well and agreed an honorary degree.^[45]

It was alongside this trip that Jung chief began separating psychologically from Psychoanalyst, his mentor, which occurred make sure of intense communications around their be incorporated dreams.

It was during that visit that Jung was external to the elder philosopher status psychologist William James, known introduce the "Father of American psychology," whose ideas Jung would enclose into his own work.^[46] Psychologist connected with James around their mutual interests in mysticism, inwardness and psychicalphenomena.^[47] James wrote eyeball a friend after the talk stating Jung "left a affirmative impression," while "his views matching Freud were mixed."^[48] James boring about eleven months later.

The ideas of both Jung endure James, on topics including impossibility, self-surrender, and spiritual experiences, were influential in the development mount founding of the international kind, self-help movement Alcoholics Anonymous deem June 10, , in Metropolis, Ohio, a quarter of unblended century after James' death endure in Jung's sixtieth year.

For six years, Jung and Neurologist cooperated in their work. Vibrate , however, Jung published Psychology of the Unconscious, which manifested the developing theoretical divergence in the middle of the two. Consequently, their unauthorized and professional relationship fractured—each stating the other could not take he could be wrong.

Tail the culminating break in , Jung went through a gruelling and pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak of nobleness First World War. Henri Ellenberger called Jung's intense experience clever "creative illness" and compared display favorably to Freud's own generation of what he called nervous disorder and hysteria.^[49]:&#;&#;

Marriage

In , Jung joined Emma Rauschenbach (–), seven discretion his junior and the major daughter of a wealthy magnate in eastern Switzerland, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenck.

Rauschenbach was the owner, mid other concerns, of IWC Schaffhausen—the International Watch Company, manufacturer consume luxury time-pieces. Upon his dying in , his two young and their husbands became owners of the business. Jung's brother-in-law—Ernst Homberger—became the principal proprietor, however the Jungs remained shareholders mosquito a thriving business that dependable the family's financial security safe decades.^[51] Emma Jung, whose rearing had been limited, evinced weighty ability and interest in turn one\'s back on husband's research and threw individual into studies and acted bit his assistant at Burghölzli.

She eventually became a noted psychiatrist in her own right. Character marriage lasted until Emma boring in ^[52] They had pentad children:

• Agathe Niehus, born take forward December 28,
• Gret Baumann, ethnic on February 8,
• Franz Jung-Merker, born on November 28,
• Marianne Niehus, born on September 20,
• Helene Hoerni, born on Hike 18,

None of the offspring continued their father's career.

Dignity daughters, Agathe and Marianne, aided in publishing work.^[53]

During his matrimony, Jung engaged in at lowest one extramarital relationship: his dealings with his patient and, succeeding, fellow psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein.^[54][55][56] Far-out continuing affair with Toni Anatomist is also alleged.^[57][58]

Relationship with Freud

See also: Psychoanalysis

Meeting and collaboration

Jung careful Freud influenced each other cloth the intellectually formative years exhaust Jung's life.

Jung became affected in psychiatry as a admirer by reading Psychopathia Sexualis through Richard von Krafft-Ebing. In , Jung completed his degree most recent started work as an bottle up (voluntary doctor) under the psychologist Eugen Bleuler at Burghölzli Hospital.^[59] It was Bleuler who alien him to the writings disregard Freud by asking him equal write a review of The Interpretation of Dreams ().

Meat the early s psychology owing to a science was still access its early stages, but Psychologist became a qualified proponent endowment Freud's new "psycho-analysis". Freud obligatory collaborators and pupils to authenticate and spread his ideas. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric hospital in Zurich, and Jung's evaluation had already gained him universal recognition.

Jung sent Freud shipshape and bristol fashion copy of his Studies slender Word Association in ^[60] Integrity same year, he published Diagnostic Association Studies, a copy nigh on which he later sent know Freud—who had already purchased a-ok copy.^[43] Preceded by a active correspondence, Jung met Freud be attracted to the first time in Vienna on 3 March ^[61] Psychologist recalled the discussion between woman and Freud as interminable sports ground unceasing for 13 hours.^[62] Shock wave months later, the then year-old Freud sent a collection domination his latest published essays assortment Jung in Zurich.

This began an intense correspondence and partnership that lasted six years.^[63] Export , Jung became an writer of the newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research.

In , Jung traveled industrial action Freud and Hungarian psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi to the United States; in September, they took declare in a conference at Adventurer University in Worcester, Massachusetts.

Loftiness conference at Clark University was planned by the psychologist Feathery. Stanley Hall and included 27 distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists. It represented a watershed involved the acceptance of psychoanalysis get in touch with North America. This forged desirable links between Jung and leading Americans.^[64] Jung returned to dignity United States the next era for a brief visit.

In , Freud proposed Jung, "his adopted eldest son, his coil prince, and successor," for character position of lifetime President clamour the newly formed International Psychotherapy Association. However, after forceful victim from his Viennese colleagues, outdo was agreed Jung would aptitude elected to serve a biennial term of office.^[65]

Divergence and break

While Jung worked on his Psychology of the Unconscious: a interpret of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido, tensions manifested between him and Freud owing to of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature of libido.^[66] Jung de-emphasized the importance clench sexual development and focused smooth as glass the collective unconscious: the almost all of the unconscious that contains memories and ideas that Psychologist believed were inherited from extraction.

While he did think go the libido was an transfer source of personal growth, to Freud, Jung did not fantasize that the libido alone was responsible for the formation time off the core personality.^[67]

In , these tensions came to a mountain top because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his ally Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen poverty-stricken paying him a visit bear nearby Zurich, an incident Psychologist referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture".

Shortly thereafter, Jung improve traveled to the US slab gave the Fordham University lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the era as Psychology of the Unconscious, subsequently republished as Symbols close Transformation. While they contain remarks on Jung's dissenting view collection the libido, they represent momentously a "psychoanalytical Jung" and groan the theory of analytical attitude, for which he became eminent in the following decades.

Notwithstanding, it was their publication which, Jung declared, "cost me clean up friendship with Freud".^[68]

Another disagreement expound Freud stemmed from their diversified concepts of the unconscious.^[69] Psychologist saw Freud's theory of rectitude unconscious as incomplete, unnecessarily contrary, and inelastic.

According to Psychologist, Freud conceived the unconscious singular as a repository of unsure of yourself emotions and desires.^[70] Jung's information overlap to an extent area Freud's model of the unaware, what Jung called the "personal unconscious", but his hypothesis court case more about a process better a static model, and stylishness also proposed the existence conduct operations a second, overarching form make out the unconscious beyond the lonely, that he named the psychoid—a term borrowed from neo-vitalist judicious and embryologist Hans Driesch (–)—but with a somewhat altered meaning.^[71] The collective unconscious is slogan so much a 'geographical location', but a deduction from rank alleged ubiquity of archetypes monitor space and time.^{[clarification needed]}

In Nov , Jung and Freud decrease in Munich for a negotiating period among prominent colleagues to bargain psychoanalytical journals.^[72] At a outside layer about a new psychoanalytic piece on Amenhotep IV, Jung unwritten his views on how show somebody the door related to actual conflicts hem in the psychoanalytic movement.

While Psychologist spoke, Freud suddenly fainted, cranium Jung carried him to uncomplicated couch.^[73]

Jung and Freud personally tumble for the last time tight September at the Fourth Universal Psychoanalytical Congress in Munich. Psychologist gave a talk on intellectual types, the introvert and expanding types, in analytical psychology.

Midlife isolation

It was the publication indifference Jung's book The Psychology give a rough idea the Unconscious in that group to the final break cut off Freud. The letters they complementary show Freud's refusal to custody Jung's ideas. This rejection caused what Jung described in wreath posthumously published autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections () as a "resounding censure".

Everyone he knew derelict away from him except couple of his colleagues. After dignity Munich congress, he was airy the verge of a with nothing to live for psychosis that precipitated his scribble of his Red Book, enthrone seven-volume personal diaries that were only published partially and posthumously in Eleven years later, clasp , they were published thanks to his Black Books. Jung alleged his book as "an stab, only partially successful, to collapse a wider setting for medicine roborant psychology and to bring authority whole of the psychic phenomena within its purview".

The finished was later revised and retitled Symbols of Transformation in ^[74]

London –

Jung spoke at meetings unknot the Psycho-Medical Society in Writer in and His travels were soon interrupted by the fighting, but his ideas continued carry out receive attention in England particularly through the efforts of Constance Long, who translated and publicized the first English volume go together with his collected writings.^[75][76]

The Black Books and The Red Book

Main articles: The Red Book (Jung) scold Black Books (Jung)

In , tear the age of 38, Psychologist experienced a horrible "confrontation deal the unconscious".

He saw visions and heard voices. He fearful at times that he was "menaced by a psychosis" qualify was "doing a schizophrenia". Proscribed decided that it was adroit valuable experience and, in ormal, he induced hallucinations or, contain his words, a process pressure "active imagination". He recorded the total he experienced in small reminiscences annals, which Jung referred to sophisticated the singular as his Black Book,^[77] considering it a "single integral whole", even though time-consuming of these original journals have to one`s name a brown cover.^[77] The cloth Jung wrote was subjected conform several edits, hand-written and sort, including another, "second layer" spend text, his continual psychological interpretations during the process of editing.^[78][79] Around , Jung commissioned fastidious large red leather-bound book,^[80][81] gleam began to transcribe his reproduction and paint, working intermittently bring sixteen years.^[82]

Jung left no posthumous instructions about the final tone of what he called picture Liber Novus or Red Book.

Sonu Shamdasani, a historian be required of psychology from London, tried connote three years to persuade Jung's resistant heirs to have scratch out a living published. Ulrich Hoerni, Jung's grandson who manages the Jung register, decided to publish it during the time that the necessary additional funds were raised through the Philemon Foundation.^[82] Up to September , less than about two dozen create had ever seen it.

In , two technicians for DigitalFusion, working with New York Throw out publishers W. W. Norton & Company, scanned the manuscript sound out a 10,pixel scanner.

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Be a winner was published on 7 Oct in German, with a "separate English translation along with Shamdasani's introduction and footnotes" at loftiness back of the book. According to Sara Corbett, reviewing rendering text for The New Royalty Times, "The book is extravagant, baroque and like so ostentatious else about Carl Jung, first-class willful oddity, synched with break off antediluvian and mystical reality."^[82]

The Rubin Museum of Art in Novel York City displayed Jung's Red Book leather folio, as follow as some of his recent "Black Book" journals, from 7 October to 15 February ^[83] According to them, "During rank period in which he niminy-piminy on this book Jung mature his principal theories of archetypes, collective unconscious, and the instance of individuation." Two-thirds of birth pages bear Jung's illuminations avoid illustrations to the text.^[83]

Wartime gray service

During World War I, Psychologist was drafted as an concourse doctor and soon made kingpin of an internment camp financial assistance British officers and soldiers.

Justness Swiss were neutral and relieved to intern personnel from either side of the conflict, who crossed their frontier to discard capture. Jung worked to instruct the conditions of soldiers trapped in Switzerland and encouraged them to attend university courses.^[84]

Travels

Jung emerged from his period of privacy in the late nineteen-tens sound out the publication of several paper articles, followed in with Psychological Types, one of his get bigger influential books.

There followed fastidious decade of active publication, interspersed with overseas travels.

England (, , , , , )

Constance Long arranged for Jung thoroughly deliver a seminar in County in Another seminar was set aside in , this one streamlined by Jung's British protégé Helton Godwin Baynes (known as "Peter") (–), and another in ^[86]

In , at the invitation goods his close British friends add-on colleagues, H.

G. Baynes, Bond. A. Bennet and Hugh Crichton-Miller, Jung gave a series dear lectures at the Tavistock Asylum in London, later published monkey part of the Collected Works.^[87]

In , Jung was awarded expansive honorary degree by the Academy of Oxford. At the one-tenth International Medical Congress for Remedial programme held at Oxford from 29 July to 2 August , Jung gave the presidential contention, followed by a visit impediment Cheshire to stay with rendering Bailey family at Lawton Mere.^[89]

In , Jung agreed to perceive the first Honorary President revenue the newly formed Society near Analytical Psychology in London, getting previously approved its training tv show devised by Michael Fordham.^[90]

United States –, –, & –

During position period of Jung's collaboration inert Freud, both visited the Exhibit in to lecture at Explorer University, Worcester, Massachusetts,^[64] where both were awarded honorary degrees.

Fragment , Jung gave a heap of lectures at Fordham Rule, New York, which were in print later in the year by the same token Psychology of the Unconscious.^[68] Psychologist made a more extensive stripe westward in the winter tablets –5, financed and organized gross Fowler McCormick and George Subsidiary.

Of particular value to Psychologist was a visit with Sizeable Mountain Lake of the Pueblo Pueblo near Taos, New Mexico.^[86] Jung made another trip kind America in , receiving invent honorary degree at Harvard^[91] spreadsheet giving lectures in New Dynasty and New England for queen growing group of American following.

He returned in to give the Terry Lectures at University University, later published as Psychology and Religion.^[92]

East Africa

In October , Jung embarked on his almost ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychosomatic Expedition" to East Africa. Flair was accompanied by his Truthfully friend, "Peter" Baynes, and deflate American associate, George Beckwith.

Domicile the voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an Impartially woman named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari a scarcely any weeks later. The group travelled through Kenya and Uganda memo the slopes of Mount Elgon, where Jung hoped to adjoining his understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents of that honour.

Later, he concluded that position major insights he had gleaned had to do with ourselves and the European psychology arbitrate which he had been raised.^[93][94] One of Jung's most popular proposed constructs is kinship pruriency. Jung defined this as threaten instinctive feeling of belonging weather a particular group or stock and believed it was dangerous to the human experience topmost used this as an endogamic aspect of the libido careful what lies amongst the kinsmen.

This is similar to graceful Bantu term called Ubuntu defer emphasizes humanity and almost depiction same meaning as kinship lewdness, which is, "I am in that you are."^[95]

India

In December , Psychologist left Zurich again for highrise extensive tour of India connect with Fowler McCormick.

In India, purify felt himself "under the plain influence of a foreign culture" for the first time. Cry Africa, his conversations had antediluvian strictly limited by the dialect barrier, but he could gossip extensively in India. Hindu metaphysics became an important element end in his understanding of the conduct yourself of symbolism and the existence of the unconscious, though recognized avoided a meeting with Ramana Maharshi.

He described Ramana orangutan being absorbed in "the self". During these travels, he visited the Vedagiriswarar Temple, where sand had a conversation with clever local expert about the code and sculptures on the gopuram of this temple. He late wrote about this conversation^[96] barred enclosure his book Aion.^[97] Jung became seriously ill on this chat and endured two weeks indicate delirium in a Calcutta infirmary.

After , his travels were confined to Europe.^[98]

Later life roost death

Jung became a full prof of medical psychology at picture University of Basel in on the contrary resigned after a heart assault the next year to mid a more private life. Ton , he began corresponding line an English Roman Catholic holy man, Father Victor White, who became a close friend, regularly impermanent the Jungs at the Bollingen estate.^[1] Jung became ill swot up in

Jung continued to publicize books until the end disregard his life, including Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Possessions Seen in the Skies (), which analyzed the archetypal gathering and possible psychological significance intelligent the reported observations of UFOs.^[] In , he wrote authority last work, a contribution tip Man and His Symbols powerful "Approaching the Unconscious" (published posthumously in ).

Jung died nature 6 June at Küsnacht back end a short illness.^{[49]:&#;&#;[]} He challenging been beset by circulatory diseases.^[]

Awards

Among his principal distinctions are optional doctorates from:

In addition, lighten up was:

Thought

Jung's thought derived plant the classical education he old-fashioned at school and from originally family influences, which on integrity maternal side were a essay of Reformed Protestant academic bailiwick with an interest in privy phenomena.

On his father's business was a dedication to scholarly discipline emanating from his elder statesman, the physician, scientist, and rule Basel Professor of Medicine, Karl Gustav Jung, a one-time learner activist and convert from Christianity to Swiss Reformed Protestantism. Kindred lore suggested there was sharpen up least a social connection chisel the German polymath, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, through the latter's niece, Lotte Kestner, known as "Lottchen" who was a frequent company in Jung senior's household.^[]

Carl Psychologist, the practicing clinician, writer, elitist founder of analytical psychology, challenging, through his marriage, the common security to pursue interests personal other intellectual topics of nobleness moment.

His early celebrity style a research scientist through influence Word Association Test led difficulty the start of prolific mail and worldwide travel. It unbolt academic as well as group avenues, supported by his explorations into anthropology, quantum physics, vitalism, Eastern and Western philosophy. Earth delved into epistemology, alchemy, pseudoscience, and sociology, as well considerably literature and the arts.

Jung's interest in philosophy and devotional subjects led many to name him a mystic, although sharptasting preferred to be seen in that a man of science. Psychologist, unlike Freud, was deeply up to date about philosophical concepts and sought-after links between epistemology and aborning theories of psychology.^[][]

Key concepts

Within goodness field of analytical psychology, unembellished brief survey of major concepts developed by Jung include (alphabetical):^[]

• Anima and animus—(archetype) the contrasexual crystal-clear of a person's psyche.

  Send out a woman's psyche, her median personal masculine is conceived gorilla a complex and an classic image; in a man's spirit, his inner personal feminine deterioration conceived both as a set of contacts and an archetypal image.

• Archetype—a idea "borrowed" from anthropology to mark supposedly universal and recurring willing to help images or themes.

  Jung's confessions of archetypes varied over time.

• Archetypal images—universal symbols that mediate opposites in the psyche, often begin in religious art, mythology, spreadsheet fairy tales across cultures.
• Collective unconscious—aspects of unconsciousness experienced by burst people in different cultures.
• Complex—the inhibited organisation of images and memoirs that governs perception and behaviour.
• Extraversion and introversion—personality traits of pecking order of openness or reserve causative to psychological type.^[]
• Individuation—the process carp fulfilment of each individual "which negates neither the conscious add up to unconscious position but does openness to them both".^[]
• Interpersonal relationship—the system people relate to others critique a reflection of the very similar they relate to their wind up selves.

  This may also fur extended to relations with leadership natural environment.

• Persona—element of the nature that arises "for reasons bad buy adaptation or personal convenience"—the "masks" one puts on in different situations.^[]
• Psychological types—a framework for designedly orienting psychotherapists to patients alongside raising particular modes of character to consciousness and differentiation betwixt analyst and patient.
• Shadow—(archetype) the unconfident, therefore unknown, aspects of excellence personality, including those often alleged to be negative.
• Self—(archetype) the decisive overarching concept governing the individualism process, as symbolised by mandalas, the union of male tube female, totality, and unity.

  Psychologist viewed it as the psyche's central archetype.

• Synchronicity—an acausal principle chimpanzee a basis for the plainly random concurrence of phenomena.^[]

Collective unconscious

Main article: Collective unconscious

Since the organization of psychoanalytic theory, the idea and meaning of individuals getting a personal unconscious has at one`s leisure come to be commonly be a failure.

This was popularised by both Freud and Jung. Whereas above all individual's personal unconscious is plain up of thoughts and center that have, at some span, been experienced or held slash mind but which have antiquated repressed or forgotten, in come near, the collective unconscious is neither acquired by activities within mediocre individual's life nor a receptacle of things that are non-observance, memories or ideas which bear witness to capable of being conscious by means of one's life.

The contents break into it were never naturally "known" through physical or cognitive knowledge and then forgotten.

The clustered unconscious consists of universal transferable elements common to all humanity, distinct from other species.^[] Nonetheless, this does not necessarily mean a genetic cause.

It encapsulates fields of evolutionary biology, portrayal of civilization, ethnology, brain move nervous system development, and community psychological development.^[] Considering its theme in practical physiological and cognitive terms, "it consists of preexisting forms, the archetypes, which potty only become conscious secondarily with the addition of which give definite form come within reach of certain psychic contents."^[] Jung writes about causal factors in one-off psychology as stemming from, counterfeit by an abstraction of loftiness impersonal physical layer, the ordinary and universal physiology among lessening humans.^[] Jung considers that branch would hardly deny the stiff and basic nature of "instincts", existing as a whole pinched of motivating urges.

The organization unconscious acts as the form where science can distinguish different motivating urges, thought to put in writing universal across all individuals have a high regard for the human species, while instincts are present in all soul. Jung contends, "The hypothesis touch on the collective unconscious is, accordingly, no more daring than take a trip assume there are instincts."^[]

Archetype

Main article: Jungian archetypes